The relationship between employee tone of voice and customer attitudes

As a concierge supervisor at a five-star hotel in South Korea, I was exposed to a concept from my superiors that a higher employee\u27s tone of voice may increase customer attitudes. In the United States, tone of voice training was also found at a pizza pub, located in Illinois. The study identifies the causal relationship between the tone of voice and customer satisfaction, by an experiment method. By manipulating tone of voice and analyzing resulting customer attitudes reveals the relationship between the two variables; In this study, the result is contrary to the reasoning that derived from the observed industry practices. I found that participants were more receptive to the medium and low voice tone introductions. These findings show that there is a relationship between tone of voice and customer attitudes, but the significance was lower than I expected earlier. The finding does not lend empirical support to the traditional industry assumptions that the \u27positive\u27 tone of voice would be a high-pitched tone and the high-pitched tone will lead higher satisfaction. Instead, the experiment results show a \u27positive\u27 tone of voice is not necessarily \u27high-pitched\u27 tone, and it implies there might be some limitation to which an employee can raise their pitch

Growing Educational Differentials in the Retreat from Marriage among Korean Men

Applying discrete-time hazard models to person-year data constructed from 1% microdata sample of 2010 Korean Census, we explore how men’s education affects their transition to first marriage, and how the relationship between education and marriage has changed across three 10-year birth cohorts of Korean men born from 1946 to 1975. Currently, there is only limited knowledge on how education is related to marriage formation and how the effect is contingent upon macro contexts of education, economy, and family among East Asian men. We find that the high educated delay marriage until later ages but catch up to the extent to which they are eventually more likely to marry than the low educated. There is a continued trend across cohorts toward the delay and avoidance of marriage at all educational levels. However, the trend of retreat from marriage has been more substantial for men with high school or less education compared to men with a university degree, leading to growing educational gaps over time in marriage. We discuss the findings in the contexts of deteriorating economic prospects of Korean men with lower education and also the declining pool of potential spouses for the low educated

Oceanic response to typhoons in the Northwest Pacific using Aquarius and SMAP data (2011–2020)

Typhoons, such as tropical cyclones, can produce a variety of ocean responses through drastic changes in atmospheric and oceanic environments. However, the uncertainty in satellite salinity data increases during the passage of a typhoon and may limit its potential application. To investigate whether the satellite salinity data can explain oceanic responses to typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, we validated the satellite salinity using Argo float data for the past decade (2011–2020). The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and Aquarius salinity were relatively accurate in subtropical regions at low latitudes under high sea surface temperature conditions in summer. This demonstrates the validity of the satellite salinity data in typhoon studies. We analyzed the oceanic responses to 20 representative typhoons over the past decade. Both the Aquarius and SMAP satellites observed a decrease in the SSS on the left side of the typhoon in contrast to the high salinity on the right side of the typhoon. The locations of SSS freshening coincided with those of higher precipitation to the left of the typhoon centers. We also observed that the higher the precipitation rate, the lower the satellite salinity. The ratio of the salinity freshening to the precipitation rate was significant at approximately –0.0401 psu mm-1 h-1. Changes in the vertical profiles of the Argo data supported this partial freshening of salinity as well as the characteristic surface cooling and deepening of the mixed layer after the passage of the typhoon. We further demonstrated that the atmospheric environments in a rotated coordinate system along the typhoon paths showed clear salinity freshening in the forward and slightly left sides of the typhoon center. The spatial distinction of the wind and precipitation fields along the typhoon paths induced the characteristic synoptic response of salinity prior to the arrival of each typhoon. Our results provide reasonable observational evidence of oceanic responses to typhoons in the Northwest Pacific and contribute to the understanding of atmospheric and oceanic processes related to tropical storms