WATER CHLORINATION AND ITS RELEVANCE TO HUMAN HEALTH

Climatic conditions are fundamental to life on earth and their destruction or disturbance by direct or indirect human activities is the greatestthreat to human health. Human life on earth is directly associated with environmental factors such as air†and water.†Pollution of air by toxicsubstances by the activities of mankind has shown to cause serious health issues, including damage to the immune, respiratory, neurological,and reproductive systems, and other health problems like cancer. Water intended for human consumption should be free from microorganismsand toxic substances. The impact and drastic effects of chlorinated water and their impact on human health are poorly studied. Chlorinationis an inexpensive and effective process for disinfecting water worldwide. During the disinfection, the chlorine generates hundreds of differentby-products called chlorination by-products such as trihalomethanes and halo acetic acids (HAA's) at low levels. In this article we address theaction of two HAA's, tri- and di-chloroacetic acid and their impact on the progression of cancer, respiratory disorder, and neurological anomalies. Keywords: Pollution, Chlorination, Chlorine by-products

EVALUATION OF IN VITROANTICANCER ACTIVITY AND GC-MS ANALYSIS FROM LEAF SOPHORA INTERRUPTA BEDD

Objective: Sophora interrupta Bedd (Fabaceae) is one of the well-known medicinal herb used in folk medicine for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory associated diseases. In this paper we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-cancer, properties of aqueous, methanol and n-hexane leaf extracts.Methods: The leaf extracts were analyzed for antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay and anticancer activity by measuring the cell viability using MCF-7 and PC-3 cancer cell lines. GC-MS analysis was performed to identify anti-cancer compounds present in the active leaf extract.Results: The polar solvent extracts showed good antioxidant at 500 μg/ml as related to non-polar solvents. Moreover, methanol extract exhibited highest percentage of cell death, in both MCF-7 (IC50 500 μg/ml) and PC-3 cells (IC50 1000 μg/ml), which is also evident from morphological observations, acridine orange and ethidium bromide dye exclusion assays.Conclusion: Over all, it suggests that leaf methanol extract contain anticancer compounds, which are evident from our GC-MS analysis

Isolation and characterization of the anticancer compound piceatannol from sophora interrupta bedd

Background: Sophora belongs to the family of Fabaceae and the species in this genus are currently used as a folklore medicine for preventing a variety of ailments including cancer. Our aim was to identify and validate an anticancer compound from Sophora interrupta using multi-spectroscopic, anticancer screening, and molecular docking approach. Methods: The cytotoxicity of the various solvent extracts, petroleum ether, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) of the S. interrupta root powder was evaluated in a breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). The extract that had anticancer activity was subjected to column chromatography based on the polarity of the solvents. The anticancer activity of the elution fractions was validated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The isolated metabolite fraction with anticancer activity was run through a C18 column isocratic and gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structure of the isolated compound was characterized using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13 C-NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer methods. Results: The crude EtAOc extract effectively inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. The column eluted chloroform and EtOAc (4:6) fraction of the EtOAc extract showed significant anticancer activity in the MCF-7 cells compared with normal mesenchymal stem cells. This fraction showed three major peaks in the HPLC chromatogram and the first major peak with a retention time (RT) of 7.153 was purified using preparative-HPLC. The structure of the compound is a piceatannol, which is a metabolic product of resveratrol. Piceatannol formed direct two hydrogen bond interactions between Cys912 (2H), and Glu878 of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) with a glide-score (G-score) of −10.193, and two hydrogen bond interactions between Cys919, and Asp1046 of VEGFR2, with a G-score of −8.359. The structure is similar to that of the crystallized protein for VEGFR1 and R2. Conclusions: Piceatannol is a secondary metabolite of S. interrupta that has anticancer activity. Moreover, piceatannol has been isolated for the first time from S. interrupta