Encapsulated diffusion of sulphur into InP

This talk outlines a simple process for the fabrication of n(+)-p solar cells in indium phosphide. Large area cells (greater than 0.25 sq cm) have been made by this process, with a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 15.21 percent under AM0 conditions of illumination. An ideality factor of 1.1 and a saturation current density of 8 x 10 to the minus 15th power A/sq cm have been observed for these cells. The technique for cell fabrication involves the diffusion of sulfur into InP by an open tube process, and gives highly reproducible results from run to run. A vacuum-deposited layer of gallium sulphide (Ga2S3) was used as the source for sulfur diffusion, with a chemically vapor deposited SiO2 cap layer to prevent decomposition of the InP surface during heat treatment. Diffusions were carried out in a flowing nitrogen ambient at 585 to 708 C, and characterized by their surface carrier concentration and the diffusion constant. The diffusion profile for sulfur in InP is estimated to be of the complementary error function type. The activation energy of the diffusion was estimated to be 1.94 eV. The technique described here is ideally suited for the fabrication of shallow n(+)-p junctions in InP, and has been used for space-borne solar cells

Solar cells in bulk InP using an open tube diffusion process

A simple open tube diffusion technique for the fabrication of n+p junction solar cells is described. Large area (greater than 0.25 square cm) solar cells have been made by this process with a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 15.2 percent under simulated AMO illumination. An ideality factor is 1.04 and a saturation current density of 9.6 times 10 to the minus 16th power A/square cm have been observed for these cells. These are the lowest (best) values reported to date for diffused structures in bulk InP

INFLUENCE OF PIEZOELECTRIC ANISOTROPY ON ELECTROMECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF ULTRASOUND NDT PROBES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

When designing an ultrasound non-destructive (NDT) probe for high temperature applications, one has to take into account a multitude of temperature induced effects, such as the temperature dependence of key physical properties of probe materials. In this paper, the significant influence of temperature change on piezoelectric properties and piezoelectric anisotropy, and thus on the ultrasound properties of the whole probe, is discussed theoretically. This is demonstrated within the thermodynamic Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) framework and the KLM model of equivalent circuits for two different piezoelectric, acoustically active probe materials from the same family - barium titanate and lead titanate. These two materials are model materials for the whole family of piezoelectric perovskites, including the commercially widely used PZT and relaxor ferroelectrics PMN-PT and PZN-PT

Opisi umjetničkih predmeta u rimskoj epici

Ekfraza ili opis umjetničkog predmeta standardna je sastavnica antičkih epova. U 33. broju časopisa Latina & Graeca prikazali smo primjere ekfraze u epovima na grčkom jeziku, počevši od Homera do kasnoantičkog pjesnika Nona. U ovom se radu opisuje razvojni slijed ekfraze u rimskom epskom pjesništvu. Ograničavamo se na nekoliko primjera prema rimskim spjevovima iz republikanskog, ranocarskog i kasnoantičkog doba. Ocjenjuje se uloga ekfraze u razvoju rimske epike. Radi lakšeg snalaženja donose se obrađeni ulomci

Acute poisoning in children

Uvod. Otrovanja ili intoksikacije patološka su stanja koja nastaju kao posljedica djelovanja otrovnih tvari na organizam. Visoka incidencija slučajnih otrovanja u dječjoj dobi najčešća je kod djece između dvije i pet godina starosti. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi učestalost otrovanja, čimbenike rizika i sredstvo akutnog otrovanja kod djece. Materijali i metode. Retrospektivna studija bolničke dokumentacije Pedijatrijske jedinice intenzivnog liječenja, Kliničkog bolničkog centra Osijek za razdoblje 2008-2012. godine. U studiju su uključena sva djeca od 0-19 godina starosne dobi raspoređena u pet grupa: 0-12 mjeseci, 1-4 godine, 5-9 godine, 10-14 godine, 15-19 godine. Sva djeca bolnički su liječena pod medicinskom dijagnozom akutnog otrovanja. Rezultati. Od 1846 bolnički liječene djece, 367 je bolnički liječeno zbog akutnog otrovanja. Muški spol zastupljen je sa 50,7% slučajeva akutnog otrovanja. Kod akutnog otrovanja lijekovima ženski spol zastupljen je sa 51,6% slučajeva kao i u grupi pokušaja suicida sa 55,5%. Slučajna otrovanja najčešća su u dobi od 1-4 godine života 64,9% a najčešća sredstva otrovanja su lijekovi 74% i sredstva u domaćinstvu 24,1%. Alkohol sa 64,7% najčešće je sredstvo otrovanja u dobi od 15-19 godine starosti kao i 71,2% slučajeva u istoj dobnoj skupini s obzirom na namjeru otrovanja. Namjernih otrovanja značajno je više kod obitelji u kojima su oba roditelja nezaposlena. Najčešća vrsta otrova kojom se dijete namjerno otrovalo je alkohol u 40,3% i lijekovi u 35,4% slučajeva. Od ukupnog broja otrovane djece namjerno se otrovalo 62,4%, a 91,3% otrovalo se samostalno bez utjecaja drugih osoba. Način ulaska otrovne tvari u organizam je kod 92,2% djece putem usta. Zaključak. Akutno otrovano dijete je često pacijent bolničkih pedijatrijskih odjela. S obzirom na raznolikost sredstava otrovanja u djece logično proizlazi da je ono svaki puta ponovni problem za cjelokupnu zajednicu u okruženju djeteta. Unatoč smanjenju incidencije otrovanja kod djece nakon određenih intervencija, slučajevi otrovanja još uvijek pridonose značajnom udjelu dječjih ozljeda.Introduction. Poisonings or intoxications are pathological conditions that occur as a result of the activity of toxic substances in the body. The high incidence of accidental poisonings in children is most common in children between two and five years of age. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of poisoning, risk factors and means of acute poisoning in children. Materials and methods. A retrospective study of hospital records of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Center Osijek for the period between 2008 till 2012. The study included all children from 0-19 years of age classified into five groups: 0-12 months, 1-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years. All children were hospitalized under the medical diagnosis of acute poisoning. Results. Out of 1846 hospitalized children, 367 were hospitalized due to acute poisoning. Male gender is represented with 50.7% of cases of acute poisoning. In acute drug poisoning the female gender is represented with 51.6% of the cases, as well as in the group of suicide attempts with 55.5%. Accidental poisonings are most common between the ages of 1-4 years of life (64.9%), and the most common poisoning agents are drugs (74%), and household products (24.1%). Alcohol is with its 64.7% the most common poisoning agent at 15-19 years of age, as well as with 71.2% of the cases in the same age group with the intention of poisoning. Intentional poisoning was significantly higher in families in which both parents are unemployed. The most common type of poison the child used to deliberately poison itself was alcohol in 40.3%, and drugs in 35.4% of the cases. Of the total number of poisoned children 62.4% were poisoned deliberately, and 91.3% poisoned themselves single-handedly without the influence of other people. The way through which the toxic substances enter the body was through the mouth in 92.2% of cases. Conclusion. Acutely poisoned child is often a patient of the pediatric unit. Given the diversity of possible poisoning agents in children, the logical conclusion is that it is a recurring problem for the entire community of the child. Despite of the reduction in the incidence of poisoning in children after certain interventions, the cases of poisoning are still large contributors when it comes to children's injuries

Seditio & στάσις: Tacitus and Cassius Dio on the revolt of the Pannonian legions in AD 14

Među grčko-rimskim autorima koji su ostavili pisani trag o pobuni panonskih legija g. 14. najpodrobniji su Tacit i Kasije Dion. Umnogome različita, dva vrela upućuju na slična pitanja što proizlaze iz ove epizode. Relevantni ulomci stavljaju se u kontekst dviju monografija kojima pripadaju. Traže se moguće podudarnosti i razlike. Ispituje se što se iz njih može doznati o vojno-političkim pogledima dvojice pisaca. Pokušava se razaznati utjecaj ranije historiografije i je li mlađi autor preuzimao građu od starijegSeveral ancient writers mentioned the revolt of the Pannonian legions that broke out almost immediately upon Augustus\u27 death in AD 14. The evidence is best attested in Tacitus\u27 Annals and, to some extant, in Dio\u27s Roman History. Placed whithin the broader context of Tiberius\u27 ascension to the imperial throne, the two narratives vividly depict army\u27s mutinous acts. This paper relies on Tacitus\u27 and Dio\u27s data and discusses the similarities or differences between the two sources. More precisely, it examines the way in which their own thoughts influenced the accounts on the Pannoninan revolt. The purpose is to sketch out a coherent picture of what shaped the data attested in Tacitus\u27 and Dio\u27s writings. Unusually extended and elaborated, Tacitus\u27 account implies that both earlier authors and his previous works left a strong mark on his views on the military disobedience. Despite the pessimistic tone, there is no reason to assume that Tacitus questioned the very foundations of the Principate nor that he accused troops for such deeds. On the other hand, Dio\u27s condensed chapter seemingly fails to offer additional informaton. However, the Greek author provides a number of comparative examples elsewhere in the Roman history. If carefully scritinized, they show that Dio\u27s views were shaped by his personal experience and by contemporary Greek culture. Even in this short paragraph one can discern following features: Dio avoids details, but preferes accuracy; he is ironic, but well-aware of the threat of military unrest; he offers no comment, but infers conclusions. The similarities between the two narratives are insufficient to assess that Dio relied mainly on Tacitus\u27 data. It seems that the two authors drew from a variety of sources, and that at least some of them were known exclusively to Dio

Marble in imperial Rome: privata luxuria, publica magnificentia

U radu se obrađuje uporaba mramora u Rimskom Carstvu. Na početku se prikazuju tema, ciljevi i povijest istraživanja. Potom se donosi kronologija privatne i javne uporabe mramora od najranijih vremena do rimskog carskog razdoblja. Opisuju se najzastupljenije vrste bijelog i raznobojnih mramora u Italiji i provincijama. Sažimaju se podaci o vađenju kamena i njegovu dopremanju na odredište. Na primjeru sarkofaga ocrtava se zastupljenost pojedinih vrsta bijelog mramora. Na koncu se skiciraju vijesti o mogućim cijenama mramora.Archaeological, epigraphic, and literary evidence attests to the use of marble in antiquity. Different approaches have been used to address the importance of marble in the Roman imperial period. This paper aims to provide a general outline of the types, quarrying, distribution, and costs of marble during the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. The main conclusions can briefly be summarized as follows. The use of marble is deeply rooted within the Classical and Hellenistic tradition. Initially used in the private sphere (some writers raised objections to its excessive use), marble has become an important part of major public works in the Augustan era and enjoyed a wide distribution in the early imperial period. Different types of marble have been abundantly attested in the form of wall and pavement slabs, columns, pillars, statues, furniture, and funerary monuments. These objects not only indicate the high social position of their owners, but also illustrate technological and artistic changes of the imperial era. Ancient marble, granite, and limestone quarries provide useful information about the process of stone extraction and shed some light on the methods of the quarries management. The Roman shipwrecks testify to ancient maritime trade routes used for the commercial transport of marble cargo. Judging from epigraphical and archaeological evidence, the stone cutters and marble merchants expanded their activities from the Eastern Mediterranean by the end of the 1st century CE. Important stylistic features are particularly discernible on elaborate marble sarcophagi. Produced in Attica and Prokonessos, they were frequently exported westwards as half-finished products, but were also fabricated in Italy (Ostia). Approximate calculations of the price of white and colored marble are mainly based on epigraphic evidence from the late antiquity