Toksični učinak letalne koncentracije olovnog nitrata na škrge indijskog smeđeg soma Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).

Toxicopathological impact of lethal concentration (925 mg/l) of lead nitrate on the gills of air-breathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis was analysed. Following exposure the gills exhibited rapid alterations that include detachment and lifting of the epithelial linings from the surfaces of the gill filament (primary, PL) and respiratory (secondary, SL) lamellae. This led to extensive haemorrhage from the gills. Thus the quantity of blood flowing across the gills decreased substantially. Simultaneously, uncontrolled regeneration of the PL and SL occured, leading to extensive hyperplasia of the epithelial cells lining the PL, and SL. Consequently, the gill filaments appeared as a cylindrical solid mass of cells with very little or almost no free surface left on the SL for gaseous exchange. The goblet mucous cells also exhibited periodic fluctuations in their density and staining behaviour. The chloride cells showed periodic fluctuation in their number at different stages of exposure. The density of the chloride cells is inversely proportional to the thickness of the epithelial lining of the PL and SL. Due to prolonged exposure, the neighbouring SL fused together and the entire gills appeared as solid mass of undifferentiated cells. Subsequently, the ladder-like arrangement of the pillar cells-blood capillaries of the gills also collapsed, causing asphyxiation and the death of the fish.Analiziran je toksopatološki učinak letalne koncentracije (925 mg/l) olovnog nitrata na škrge indijskog smeđeg soma Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Ubrzo nakon izloženosti olovnom nitratu na škrgama je utvrđeno odvajanje i podizanje epitelnog sloja od površine škržnog filamenta (primarno, PL) i respiratornih lamela (sekundarno, SL). To je dovelo do opsežnog krvarenja na škrgama pa se bitno smanjila količina krvi što protječe kroz njih. Istodobno je došlo do nekontrolirane regeneracija PL i SL što je dovelo do snažne hiperplazije epitelnih stanica koje okružuju PL i SL. Škržni filamenti su izgledali kao cilindrične nakupine stanica s vrlo malo ili gotovo bez slobodne površine preostale za izmjenu plinova na SL. Promjene su bile utvrđene i na vrčastim stanicama s obzirom na njihovu gustoću i svojstva bojenja. U različitim fazama izloženosti utvrđene su i povremene promjene u broju kloridnih stanice. Gustoća kloridnih stanica bila je obrnuto proporcionalna debljini epitelnog sloja PL i SL. Nakon produžene izloženosti spojile su se susjedne SL pa su škrge izgledale poput čvrste mase nediferenciranih stanica. Kao posljedica toga kolabirale su stupnjevito poredane stanice krvnih kapilara škrga što je dovelo do uginuća ribe

Paediatric traumatic brain injury: Study of analysis of outcome predictors

Introduction. Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability among children, adolescents. Therefore, analysing outcome predictors and initiating preventive policies may contribute to decreased incidence and better prognosis. Aim. Aim to describe the epidemiologic characteristics, mechanism of injury, radiological findings and also to analyse the determinants of outcome that could help to provide better critical care and also to establish effective preventive policies. Material and Methods. We conducted a prospective study including patients ?18 years admitted to our Neuro-intensive care unit at R.N.T. Medical College ,Udaipur, Rajasthan, India from September 2016 to June 2018.Factors including age, gender ,mode of injury, Glasgow coma score(GCS) at admission ,pupillary size-reaction, radiological findings and their relation to outcome was assessed .Patients were divided into mild, moderate and severe head injury according to GCS. Outcome of patients was assessed by Glasgow outcome scale. For statical Analysis used Chisquare test. Statistical Analysis was carried out using Stata 11.0(College station, Texas, USA) Results. The study comprised of 84 paediatric patients. 44.4%of patients were within 1–5-year age group. The most common cause for trauma was falls and traffic accidents. Patients with mild, moderate and severe head injury were 38.1%, 47.6%and 14.3% respectively. Poor outcome predictors included severity of head injury, pupil size and reaction, midline shift on CT. Conclusion. This study emphasizes increased burden of paediatric brain injury with assessment of predicting factors for more effective critical care of patients and emerging need for effective fall and traffic accidents prevention strategies

Traumatic posterior fossa extradural hematoma: A comprehensive analysis of cases from a tertiary care centre in Southwestern Rajasthan

Background. Extradural hematoma of posterior fossa (PFEDH) is less common and there are not many articles about PFEDH. These patients can deteriorate very rapidly due to compression over brainstem. Thus, early identification and immediate intervention can save the lives of these patients.Objective. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of patients with PFEDH and evaluate the postoperative outcome which may be of help to make further preventive strategies.Methods and Materials. The study included 16 patients admitted with traumatic PFEDH from July 2016 to July 2018 at R.N.T. Medical College & M.B. Groups of Hospital Udaipur, southwestern Rajasthan, India. We have retrospectively reviewed the data. Analysed factors were gender, age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Noncontrast CT scan findings, associated brain injury, type of intervention, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). GOS was assessed at discharge, at 3 months and 6 months follow-up.Results. Out of a total of 16 patients, 11 were male and 5 were female with age ranging from 05-46 years. 12 patients had GCS 13 -15 at admission and only one of them had GCS < 8. 15 patients underwent surgical intervention. At 6 months follow-up, 12 patients had good recovery GOS is 5.Conclusion. Early detection and immediate evacuation of PFEDHs should be done if causing fourth ventricle, basal cistern or brain stem compression. It may be rapidly fatal due to the expansion of hematoma leading to brainstem compression, tonsillar herniation, and/or obstructive hydrocephalus. Early detection and immediate evacuation lead to a better outcome in these patients

Bilateral traumatic basal ganglia haemorrhage, a rare entity: Experience at single institute with review of literature

Aims. Traumatic basal ganglia haemorrhage is rare entity but post traumatic bilateral basal ganglia hematoma is even extremely rare and was earlier presented as case reports. Its incidence is about 3% after a closed head injury however, the incidence is higher in post mortem studies. Material & Methods. Out of 1485 head injury patients admitted to our institute from January 2012 to January 2019, there were 9 cases of traumatic bilateral basal ganglia haemorrhage. The incidence of traumatic bilateral basal ganglia Haemorrhage in our series is 0.61% which is very less compared to previous literature. Results. There were 6 males and 3 females; age ranging from 19 to 50 years (average 32 years). Patients with hypertension, history of drugs abuse, history of coagulopathy, with doubtful history of trauma or unknown mode of injury were excluded from the study. The mode of injury in all the patients was road traffic accidents. Average follow up was 9.54 months. Outcome was assessed by Glasgow outcome Score. In 8 out of 9 patients, outcome was good. One patient died. All the nine cases were managed conservatively. Conclusion. We report nine cases from a single institute which to the best of our knowledge is the largest series in world literature. Prognosis is variable and dependent on many factors. The prognosis of TBGH is favourable if not associated with other disorders like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coagulation disorders or diffuse axonal injury

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF BILAYER TABLET OF ATENOLOL FOR BIPHASIC DRUG RELEASE

Objective: In the present research work, the aim was to prepare the bilayer tablet of atenolol for biphasic drug release to improve its bioavailability and absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Methods: In the formulation of immediate release crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate was used as super disintegrate and was directly compressed. For a sustained release portion different grade hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K4M, HPMC K15M, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, guar gum, and ethyl cellulose. Preformulation studies were performed before compression. The compressed bilayer tablets were evaluated for weight variation, dimension, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration time, and in vitro drug release using USP dissolution apparatus type 2 (paddle). Results: The formulation IR3 showed 95% drug release in 30 min, and regression coefficient value (r2) value was found to be 0.994 suggesting first-order drug release kinetics. The F9 formulation using HPMC K15M and gum acacia (1:1) showed 91.20% drug release at the end of 12 h, and regression coefficient value (r2) was 0.992 suggesting zero-order drug release kinetics. Formulation IR3F9 showed faster drug release for bilayer tablet containing 5%w/w crospovidone in immediate release layer and HPMC and guar gum (1:1) in sustained release. Formulation IR3F9 showed swelling index 206%, floating lag time was found to be 2 min and total floating time up to 12 h. Conclusion: The formulation IR3F9 showed a faster drug release profile among the others in the preparation of the atenolol bilayer tablet. Hence, it was considered as an optimized formulation

Odgovor zračnih dišnih organa ribe dvodihalice Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) na ekstremni stres isušivanja.

Histopathological alterations caused by desiccation stress in the aerial (accessory) respiratory organs (ARO) of Heteropneustes fossilis which has a developed bimodal respiratory mechanism for exploitation of water (through its gills) as well as air (through its ARO) have been described. The ARO assist the fish in surviving extreme drought conditions. When out of water, even though the fish survive for about 16 h, their air sacs suffer extensive damage. In the initial stages the fish very frequently open their mouths to gulp in more air. The blood channels of secondary lamellae of the ARO, engorged with ridged blood channels, exhibit extensive protrusion into the lumen where they form a network of very thin-walled tube-like structures. Prolonged desiccation causes wear and tear to these greatly extended blood channels, leading to haemorrhaging into the lumen. Simultaneously, from the blind ends of the ARO, many of the ridges approach very close to each other and finally meet, leaving no free respiratory surface in the lumen to breathe aerially, ultimately resulting in failure of aerial respiration and the demise of the fish.Opisane su histopatološke promjene, izazvane stresom isušivanja, zračnih (pomoćnih) dišnih organa u dvodihalice Heteropneustes fossilis koja je razvila dvostruki dišni mehanizam, i to iz vode (putem škrga) i iz zraka (putem zračnih dišnih organa). Ribe s zračnim dišnim organima preživljavaju ekstremne sušne uvjete. Kada su izvan vode preživljavaju oko 16 sati i tada njihove zračne vrečice trpe opsežna oštećenja. U početnoj fazi, riba često otvara usta kako bi uzela više zraka. Zračni kanali sekundarnih listića zračnih dišnih organa obuhvaćeni s grebenastim krvnim kanalima pokazuju znatnu protruziju u lumen gdje tvore mrežu cjevolikih struktura vrlo tankih stijenki. Produljeno isušivanje uzrokuje trošenje i kidanje tih jako izduženih krvnih kanalića i posljedično krvarenje u lumen. Istovremeno u slijepim krajevima zračnih dišnih organa mnogi se grebeni međusobno približavaju i spajaju, te tako više ne ostavljaju slobodnu zračnu dišnu površinu s konačnim zakazivanjem zračnog disanja i ugibanjem ribe

Odgovor zračnih dišnih organa ribe dvodihalice Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) na ekstremni stres isušivanja.

Histopathological alterations caused by desiccation stress in the aerial (accessory) respiratory organs (ARO) of Heteropneustes fossilis which has a developed bimodal respiratory mechanism for exploitation of water (through its gills) as well as air (through its ARO) have been described. The ARO assist the fish in surviving extreme drought conditions. When out of water, even though the fish survive for about 16 h, their air sacs suffer extensive damage. In the initial stages the fish very frequently open their mouths to gulp in more air. The blood channels of secondary lamellae of the ARO, engorged with ridged blood channels, exhibit extensive protrusion into the lumen where they form a network of very thin-walled tube-like structures. Prolonged desiccation causes wear and tear to these greatly extended blood channels, leading to haemorrhaging into the lumen. Simultaneously, from the blind ends of the ARO, many of the ridges approach very close to each other and finally meet, leaving no free respiratory surface in the lumen to breathe aerially, ultimately resulting in failure of aerial respiration and the demise of the fish.Opisane su histopatološke promjene, izazvane stresom isušivanja, zračnih (pomoćnih) dišnih organa u dvodihalice Heteropneustes fossilis koja je razvila dvostruki dišni mehanizam, i to iz vode (putem škrga) i iz zraka (putem zračnih dišnih organa). Ribe s zračnim dišnim organima preživljavaju ekstremne sušne uvjete. Kada su izvan vode preživljavaju oko 16 sati i tada njihove zračne vrečice trpe opsežna oštećenja. U početnoj fazi, riba često otvara usta kako bi uzela više zraka. Zračni kanali sekundarnih listića zračnih dišnih organa obuhvaćeni s grebenastim krvnim kanalima pokazuju znatnu protruziju u lumen gdje tvore mrežu cjevolikih struktura vrlo tankih stijenki. Produljeno isušivanje uzrokuje trošenje i kidanje tih jako izduženih krvnih kanalića i posljedično krvarenje u lumen. Istovremeno u slijepim krajevima zračnih dišnih organa mnogi se grebeni međusobno približavaju i spajaju, te tako više ne ostavljaju slobodnu zračnu dišnu površinu s konačnim zakazivanjem zračnog disanja i ugibanjem ribe