BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY FOR THE ACTS LEADING TO ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

The international community considers that one of the achieving means of the environmental protections consist in the liability for damages caused to the environment, yet the establishment of an international systematic regime of this type of liability is still a difficult thing to achieve, taking into account the diversity and complexity of problems which resides from committing multiple damages for the environment

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE SANCTIONING OF ACTS HARMING THE ENVIRONMENT

Even if international law manifested initially as quite reluctant in the acceptance and, especially, the massive international liability for environmental damage, since the second half of the twentieth century were adopted several international legal instruments of general and special nature which include regulations on environmental protection measures, but also on the liability of those guilty of altering it.

PROTECTING THE SEAS AND OCEANS OF THE WORLD BY MEANS OF SANCTIONS AND OTHER MEASURES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

AbstractThe maritime zones recognized under international laws – are formed from the highseas, with the riches at the bottom of the oceans and seas from this perimeter – which isregulated by international conventions, whose infringement may lead to the application ofsanctions in conformity with the dispositions stipulated, or, in the lack of such dispositions, totaking other measures, such as repression or retaliation, which are considered, in the publicinternational law, as being general sanctions included in the category of countermeasures.At high seas serious acts of a criminal character are also committed, such as: piracy,illicit traffic of narcotics and psychotropic substances, etc., thus all states must cooperate inview of repressing these acts and sanctioning the culprits

REFLECTIONS REGARDING SANCTIONS STIPULATED IN THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES CONCERNING DISARMAMENT

The main objective of the United Nations Organization, from its founding, is theexclusion of force from international relations, which also implies limiting the weaponryarsenal existent, until removing entire categories of it, as arms control and disarmament,even though they do not eliminate „per se” of political, economic or ideological reasons ofusing force, it significantly contributes to the diminishing of war risks.When it is considered that the obligations resulting from disarmament treatment wereinfringed, one may appeal to the application of sanctions stipulated in the international law,the status of the author of infringement, as a reaction to the violation of the treat

Study on stability at work for tillage aggregates

This paper shows the importance of stability at work for tillage aggregates, from the point of view of work quality and fuel consumption. The classic ploughing aggregates are analysed, from the point of view of stability at work, as agricultural milling cutler and aggregate plough – agricultural milling cutler, accentuating the way in which the soil reaction on socket-rod can be influenced. The value of socket-rod pressure on the vertical furrow wall must be optimized, because a higher value for this force leads to the friction force increase and to the destruction of the vertical wall, while a smaller value leads to the aggregates instability at work. From this point of view, the aggregate made of plough and milling cutler carries under all the stability conditions

Statistical Analysis of the Tensile Strength of Coal Fly Ash Concrete with Fibers Using Central Composite Design

The influence of coal fly ash and glass fiber waste on the tensile strength of cement concrete was studied using central composite design. Coal fly ash was used to replace 10% of the cement in the concrete mix. Glass fiber was added to improve the tensile properties of the concrete in different dosages and lengths. In total, 14 mixes were investigated, one only with 10% coal fly ash replacement of cement and the other thirteen were determined by the experimental design. Using analysis of variance, the order of importance of the variables was established for each property (flexural strength and split tensile strength). From the nonlinear response surfaces, it was found that higher values of flexural strength were obtained for fibers longer than 12 mm and at a dosage of 1-2%. For split tensile strength, higher values were obtained for fibers with a length of 19–28 mm and at a dosage of 1–1.5%

THE APPEARANCE OF THE PENAL INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A BRANCH OF THE PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

From the oldest times, there appeared certain norms of penal international law meantto prevent the committing of serious offenses, as well as for sanctioning them. This distinctbranch of the public international law is called upon to protect - by sanctioning personsguilty of committing serious offenses - peace and security of the whole humanity, thedevelopment in conformity with the norms of the law and moral of the international relations,the existence and perenniality of fundamental human values

OMI and Ground-Based In-Situ Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide Observations over Several Important European Cities during 2005–2014

In this work we present the evolution of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) content over several important European cities during 2005–2014 using space observations and ground-based in-situ measurements. The NO2 content was derived using the daily observations provided by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), while the NO2 volume mixing ratio measurements were obtained from the European Environment Agency (EEA) air quality monitoring stations database. The European cities selected are: Athens (37.98° N, 23.72° E), Berlin (52.51° N, 13.41° E), Bucharest (44.43° N, 26.10° E), Madrid (40.38° N, 3.71° W), Lisbon (38.71° N, 9.13° W), Paris (48.85° N, 2.35° E), Rome (41.9° N, 12.50° E), and Rotterdam (51.91° N, 4.46° E). We show that OMI NO2 tropospheric column data can be used to assess the evolution of NO2 over important European cities. According to the statistical analysis, using the seasonal variation, we found good correlations (R > 0.50) between OMI and ground-based in-situ observations for all of the cities presented in this work. Highest correlation coefficients (R > 0.80) between ground-based monitoring stations and OMI observations were calculated for the cities of Berlin, Madrid, and Rome. Both types of observations, in-situ and remote sensing, show an NO2 negative trend for all of locations presented in this study

A Framework for Testing Algorithmic Trading Strategies

Algorithmic trading and artificial stock markets have generated huge interest not only among brokers and traders in the financial markets but also across various disciplines in the academia. The emergence of algorithmic trading has created a new environment where the classic way of trading requires new approaches. In order to understand the impact of such a trading process on the functioning of the market, new tools, theories and approaches need to be created. Thus artificial stock markets have emerged as simulation environments to test, understand and model the impact of algorithmic trading, where humans and software agents may compete on the same market. The purpose of this paper is to create a framework to test and analyse various trading strategies in a dedicated artificial environment