Central Bank Activism

Today, the Federal Reserve is at a critical juncture in its evolution. Unlike any prior period in U.S. history, the Fed now faces increasing demands to expand its policy objectives to tackle a wide range of social and political problems—including climate change, inequality, and foreign and small business aid. This Article develops a framework for recognizing and identifying the problems with “central bank activism.” It refers to central bank activism as situations in which immediate public policy problems push the Fed to aggrandize its power beyond the text and purpose of its legal mandates, which Congress has established. To illustrate, this Article provides in-depth exploration of both contemporary and historic episodes of central bank activism, thus clarifying the indicia of central bank activism and drawing out the lessons that past episodes should teach us going forward. This Article urges that, while activism may be expedient in the near term, there are long-term social costs. Activism undermines the legitimacy of central bank authority, erodes central bank political independence, and ultimately renders a weaker central bank. In the end, this Article issues an urgent call to resist the allure of activism. And it places front and center the need for vibrant public discourse on the role of a central bank in American political and economic life today

Punishing Crimes of Terror in Article III Courts

The United States is at war against al Qaeda, an international terrorist organization. Over the past decade, the United States has invested substantial resources fighting the War on Terror. Terrorism prosecutions in Article III courts have factored prominently in America\u27s unconventional war with al Qaeda and its affiliated extremist networks. In this rather unprecedented way, the executive branch has enlisted the third branch-the judiciary-to pursue its war aims

An International Law Response to Economic Cyber Espionage

Cyber threats have emerged as one of the most serious dangers to U.S. and global security. Increasingly, malicious actors—some private, but others that appear to be state-sponsored—seek to advance their strategic aims through violent or non-violent cyber-attacks. This Article considers the problem of non-violent, yet still destructive, economic cyber espionage, which targets the intellectual, industrial, and information property of major global powers like the United States. The Article argues that the international community’s reticence is owing to a stale set of international legal norms. The Article explains how existing principles of international law—such as state sovereignty, non-intervention, and state responsibility—should evolve to address the current threat of economic cyber espionage. The Article also discusses how norms against economic cyber espionage could also be interpreted to exist within the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements that deal with intellectual property. These WTO rules together with the relevant (and modernized) customary norms arguably provide WTO member states recourse to the Dispute Settlement Body to assert their claims of economic cyber espionage. The Article urges victim states to channel their legal complaints through this economic body and its dispute resolution mechanism. It concludes with a realist perspective on why the WTO would be the most effective institution to ensure compliance with these norms

The Effect of Racial Resentment on Support for Domestic and International Climate Policy

Using data from the 2020 Cooperative Election Study, I investigate the relationship between feelings of racial resentment and approval of climate policy and explore how that relationship varies by type of agreement. I seek to extend an emerging literature that has demonstrated a link between racial attitudes and approval for climate policy by exploring how feelings of racial resentment shape public support for international climate cooperation. I find support for the linkage between heightened levels of racial resentment and reduced support for climate policy among those who identify as Republicans, Democrats, and independents. Additionally, for Republicans and independents, I find that the effect of racial resentment at reducing support for climate action is stronger when the climate action in question is U.S. involvement in an international agreement. My findings provide insight into the conditions that influence support for both domestic and international climate policy among members of the American public.Master of Art

Evaluación de la potencialidad de suelos en sistemas productivos agrícolas, en dos fincas, comunidad El Bálsamo, Matagalpa II semestre 2013

El estudio Evaluación de la potencialidad de los suelos en sistemas productivos agrícolas en dos fincas, se realizó en la comunidad El Bálsamo, municipio de Matagalpa, durante el año 2013. Las variables medidas fueron: propiedades intrínsecas del suelo divididas en físicas, químicas y biológicas, propiedades extrínsecas (relieve y climatológica), situación socio económico (producción y financiamiento) y situación ambiental. Como objetivo principal se pretendía evaluar el estado de degradación de los suelos y su impacto en las condiciones socioeconómicas para determinar la potencialidad productiva de las finca, de tal forma que los resultados obtenidos sirvan como herramienta base para elaborar la propuesta de un plan de manejo conservacionista. En el estudio se involucraron 2 productores que se dedican a la producción de Maracuyá (Passiflora edullis), Pepino (cucumis sativus) y Chayote (Sechium edules), la población universo de estudio estaba constituida por 5 fincas. La muestra fue de 2 fincas, esta muestra es no probabilística ya que existieron criterios de selección específicos. Entre los principales resultados se encontró: el suelo respecto a sus propiedades Físicas se encuentra en estado favorable, excepto la profundidad de suelo y el drenaje interno, las propiedades químicas están en condiciones apropiadas, pero con bajos niveles de potasio, calcio y magnesio. Las condiciones climatológicas son propicias para la explotación de cultivos agrícolas a diferencia de las temperatura y humedad relativa para el cultivo de maracuyá (Passiflora edullis). Los rendimientos productivos en la mayoría de los cultivos son bajos con respecto a los rendimientos óptimo

THE ROLE OF CLP36 IN PANCREATIC CANCER CELLS DURING MIGRATION AND IN CELL SHAPE MORPHOLOGY

Principles that govern cell shape change, govern tissue development and regeneration and provide a model for understanding diseases including cancer. Due to the over expression of CLP36 and ACTN4 in other cancers, I hypothesized that the interaction between ACTN4 and adaptor protein CLP36 in pancreatic cancer cells has a role in migration and cell shape morphology. Cell migration assays, including scratch wound and transwell assays, were used to assess the migration of metastatically derived pancreatic cancer cells; depletion of clp36 decreases cell migration and invasion in vitro. Immunofluorescence was used to assess the localization of CLP36 at the cell edges. CLP36 localizes in actin protrusions in metastatically derived pancreatic cancer cells. These results suggest that CLP36 is an important regulator of pancreatic cancer cell migration. This study provides information on CLP36 in cell migration, CLP36 expression and its possible contribution to the progression of pancreatic cancer. Also, this approach provides information on the power of upregulation and downregulation of proteins in pancreatic cancer suggests strategies for manipulating the proteins to treat disease in the future