Parathyroidectomy for adults with primary hyperparathyroidism

© 2018 The Cochrane Collaboration. This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of parathyroidectomy for adults with PHPT. We will also compare the effects of different types of parathyroidectomy on people with PHPT.Published versio

Survival at 10 years following lower extremity amputations in patients with diabetic foot disease

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Springer in Endocrine on 12/04/2020, available online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02292-7 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.© 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Background: Amputations are associated with markedly reduced long-term survival in patients with diabetic foot disease. However, there is paucity of long-term survival data in published literature. Methods: We searched the electronic case records and laboratory details of patients who underwent amputations between 1997 and 2006 to obtain at least 10 years of follow up data after the surgery to assess the survival rates and possible risk factors reducing survival in the year 2016. Amputation level below ankle was considered as minor and above ankle as major amputations. Results: Of the 233 cases (159 males; median age 68 years), 161 had major amputations. Of the 72 cases who had minor amputations initially, 63 needed a further amputation or contralateral amputation on follow up. One hundred seventy-seven patients (76%) were not alive after 10 years of follow up. The survival rates at 1, 3, 5, 7, and ≥10 years were 64%, 50%, 40%, 34%, and 24%, respectively. Maximum number of deaths occurred within 4 months of amputations. There was no difference between survival rates following major or minor amputations and among males or females. The only statistically significant parameter affecting lower survival rate was age ≥70 years, with each additional year of age increasing the hazard by a factor of 1.039 (95% CI: 1.024–1.054) or 3.9% (2.4–5.4%). Conclusions: Five-year and 10-year survival rates were 40% and 24%, respectively, following diabetic foot amputations. Higher age ≥70 years was associated with lower survival rate compared with younger age groups after lower extremity amputations.Published versio

Artificial intelligence for automated detection of diabetic foot ulcers: A real-world proof-of-concept clinical evaluation

Objective: Conduct a multicenter proof-of-concept clinical evaluation to assess the accuracy of an artificial intelligence system on a smartphone for automated detection of diabetic foot ulcers. Methods: The evaluation was undertaken with patients with diabetes (n = 81) from September 2020 to January 2021. A total of 203 foot photographs were collected using a smartphone, analysed using the artificial intelligence system, and compared against expert clinician judgement, with 162 images showing at least one ulcer, and 41 showing no ulcer. Sensitivity and specificity of the system against clinician decisions was determined and inter- and intra-rater reliability analysed. Results: Predictions/decisions made by the system showed excellent sensitivity (0.9157) and high specificity (0.8857). Merging of intersecting predictions improved specificity to 0.9243. High levels of inter- and intra-rater reliability for clinician agreement on the ability of the artificial intelligence system to detect diabetic foot ulcers was also demonstrated (Kα > 0.8000 for all studies, between and within raters). Conclusions: We demonstrate highly accurate automated diabetic foot ulcer detection using an artificial intelligence system with a low-end smartphone. This is the first key stage in the creation of a fully automated diabetic foot ulcer detection and monitoring system, with these findings underpinning medical device development

The combined effects of obesity and ageing on skeletal muscle function and tendon properties in vivo in men

Purpose: We investigated the combined impact of ageing and obesity on Achilles tendon (AT) properties in vivo in men, utilizing three classification methods of obesity. Method: Forty healthy, untrained men were categorised by age (young (18–49 years); older (50–80 years)), body mass index (BMI; normal weight (≥18.5–6–9); high fat (>9). Assessment of body composition used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, gastrocnemius medialis (GM)/AT properties used dynamometry and ultrasonography and endocrine profiling used multiplex luminometry. Results: Older men had lower total range of motion (ROM; −11%; P = 0.020), GM AT force (−29%; P < 0.001), stiffness (−18%; P = 0.041), Young’s modulus (−22%; P = 0.011) and AT stress (−28%; P < 0.001). All three methods of classifying obesity revealed obesity to be associated with lower total ROM (P = 0.014–0.039). AT cross sectional area (CSA) was larger with higher BMI (P = 0.030). However, after controlling for age, higher BMI only tended to be associated with greater tendon stiffness (P = 0.074). Interestingly, both AT CSA and stiffness were positively correlated with body mass (r = 0.644 and r = 0.520) and BMI (r = 0.541 and r = 0.493) in the young but not older adults. Finally, negative relationships were observed between AT CSA and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Conclusions: This is the first study to provide evidence of positive adaptations in tendon stiffness and size in vivo resulting from increased mass and BMI in young but not older men, irrespective of obesity classification

Non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas: factors affecting postoperative recurrence, and pre- and post-surgical endocrine and visual function

This is an accepted manuscript of a paper published by Springer on 06/04/2021, available online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02713-1 The accepted manuscript of the publication may differ from the final published version. For re-use please see the publisher's terms and conditions.Background: Non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFPAs) with visual field defects are ideally managed by transsphenoidal tumour resection to improve vision, and long-term postsurgical follow up is necessary to monitor for tumour recurrence. Regular updates from global data are necessary for developing optimal management strategies of these tumours. Methods: Pre- and postoperative visual and endocrine profile, imaging characteristics and details of surgical interventions among patients with NFPAs managed between 2008 and 2019 in a UK regional centre were assessed. The radiological and surgical outcomes including postoperative complications, recurrence risk and the factors influencing outcomes also were assessed. Results: 105 cases with mean (SD) age 60.1 (14.3) years and follow-up duration 60 (37) months were studied. 67 (64%) patients were male. Five-year recurrence-free survival rate was 71.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 62.7% to 81.6%) with 33 (31%) tumour recurrences of whom 20 (60%) received radiotherapy and 9 (27%) underwent further surgery. Younger age, tumour volume, and bilateral cavernous sinus extension were the predictors of recurrence on univariate analysis, while younger age was the only factor on multivariate analysis (Hazard ratio 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.97). 72/78 patients (92%) with preoperative visual field defects improved after surgery, of whom 27 (35%) had full recovery. 20 (24%) patients had recovery of an abnormal hormone axis. 15 patients (16%) developed perioperative complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leak (12 cases), meningitis (2 cases), and bleeding (2 cases). Conclusions: Five-year recurrence-free survival after transsphenoidal resection for NFPAs was 71.5% with older age at surgery conferring lower risk of recurrence. Visual recovery/ improvement occurred in 92% of cases with preoperative visual defects following surgery.Published versio

Genome-Wide Survey and Expression Profiling of CCCH-Zinc Finger Family Reveals a Functional Module in Macrophage Activation

Previously, we have identified a novel CCCH zinc finger protein family as negative regulators of macrophage activation. To gain an overall insight into the entire CCCH zinc finger gene family and to evaluate their potential role in macrophage activation, here we performed a genome-wide survey of CCCH zinc finger genes in mouse and human. Totally 58 CCCH zinc finger genes in mouse and 55 in human were identified and most of them have not been reported previously. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the mouse CCCH family was divided into 6 groups. Meanwhile, we employed quantitative real-time PCR to profile their tissue expression patterns in adult mice. Clustering analysis showed that most of CCCH genes were broadly expressed in all of tissues examined with various levels. Interestingly, several CCCH genes Mbnl3, Zfp36l2, Zfp36, Zc3h12a, Zc3h12d, Zc3h7a and Leng9 were enriched in macrophage-related organs such as thymus, spleen, lung, intestine and adipose. Consistently, a comprehensive assessment of changes in expression of the 58 members of the mouse CCCH family during macrophage activation also revealed that these CCCH zinc finger genes were associated with the activation of bone marrow-derived macrophages by lipopolysaccharide. Taken together, this study not only identified a functional module of CCCH zinc finger genes in the regulation of macrophage activation but also provided the framework for future studies to dissect the function of this emerging gene family

Profit and loss analysis for an intensive care unit (ICU) in Japan: a tool for strategic management

BACKGROUND: Accurate cost estimate and a profit and loss analysis are necessary for health care practice. We performed an actual financial analysis for an intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital in Japan, and tried to discuss the health care policy and resource allocation decisions that have an impact on critical intensive care. METHODS: The costs were estimated by a department level activity based costing method, and the profit and loss analysis was based on a break-even point analysis. The data used included the monthly number of patients, the revenue, and the direct and indirect costs of the ICU in 2003. RESULTS: The results of this analysis showed that the total costs of US$2,678,052 of the ICU were mainly incurred due to direct costs of 88.8$ 2,295,044. However, it was determined that the ICU required at least 1,986 patient days within one fiscal year based on a break-even point analysis. As a result, an annual deficit of US$ 383,008 has occurred in the ICU. CONCLUSION: These methods are useful for determining the profits or losses for the ICU practice, and how to evaluate and to improve it. In this study, the results indicate that most ICUs in Japanese hospitals may not be profitable at the present time. As a result, in order to increase the income to make up for this deficit, an increase of 437 patient days in the ICU in one fiscal year is needed, and the number of patients admitted to the ICU should thus be increased without increasing the number of beds or staff members. Increasing the number of patients referred from cooperating hospitals and clinics therefore appears to be the best strategy for achieving these goals

Control of hyperglycaemia in paediatric intensive care (CHiP): study protocol.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that tight blood glucose (BG) control improves outcomes in critically ill adults. Children show similar hyperglycaemic responses to surgery or critical illness. However it is not known whether tight control will benefit children given maturational differences and different disease spectrum. METHODS/DESIGN: The study is an randomised open trial with two parallel groups to assess whether, for children undergoing intensive care in the UK aged <or= 16 years who are ventilated, have an arterial line in-situ and are receiving vasoactive support following injury, major surgery or in association with critical illness in whom it is anticipated such treatment will be required to continue for at least 12 hours, tight control will increase the numbers of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation at 30 days, and lead to improvement in a range of complications associated with intensive care treatment and be cost effective. Children in the tight control group will receive insulin by intravenous infusion titrated to maintain BG between 4 and 7.0 mmol/l. Children in the control group will be treated according to a standard current approach to BG management. Children will be followed up to determine vital status and healthcare resources usage between discharge and 12 months post-randomisation. Information regarding overall health status, global neurological outcome, attention and behavioural status will be sought from a subgroup with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A difference of 2 days in the number of ventilator-free days within the first 30 days post-randomisation is considered clinically important. Conservatively assuming a standard deviation of a week across both trial arms, a type I error of 1% (2-sided test), and allowing for non-compliance, a total sample size of 1000 patients would have 90% power to detect this difference. To detect effect differences between cardiac and non-cardiac patients, a target sample size of 1500 is required. An economic evaluation will assess whether the costs of achieving tight BG control are justified by subsequent reductions in hospitalisation costs. DISCUSSION: The relevance of tight glycaemic control in this population needs to be assessed formally before being accepted into standard practice

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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