32 research outputs found
Electricity storage requirements to support the transition towards high renewable penetration levels: Application to the Greek power system
This paper investigates the electricity storage requirements to support the
transition towards a high renewable energy source (RES) penetration in a
cost-optimal manner. The achieved reduction of renewable energy curtailments
and the decrease in the total generation cost of the system are quantified
against a counterfactual scenario without storage. A methodology is presented
to determine the optimum mix of short- and medium-duration storage needed to
support system operation at increased RES penetration levels, using the mixed
integer linear programming mathematical optimization. The Greek power system
serves as a realistic study case, in its planned development for the year 2030,
with a targeted annual RES energy penetration in the order of 60%. Li-ion
batteries and pumped-hydro are selected as the representative technologies to
include in the storage mix, assuming energy-to-power ratios of up to 6 hours
for the former and 10 hours for the latter. It is shown that the introduction
of a suitable mixture of storage facilities may improve renewable energy
integration and, at the same time, reduce system cost to the extent that
entirely compensates for the full cost of storage, thus allowing for a net
economic benefit for the system. The optimum storage portfolio for the study
case system and the targeted RES penetration level combines 2-h batteries and
6-h pumped-hydro stations, with an aggregate capacity of new facilities between
1250 MW and 1750 MW, on top of the existing 700 MW of open-loop pumped hydro
plants. The optimum storage requirements vary with the targeted RES penetration
and with the balance of RES technologies in the generation mix, particularly
the level of PV integration.Comment: 28 pages, 19 figure
A Power Flow Method for Radial Distribution Feeders with DER Penetration
This paper presents a novel power flow method suitable for radial distribution feeders, which consists a modification of the simplified power flow concept known as the DistFlow method, already available in the literature. The proposed method relies upon a differentiated manipulation of power losses, which are taken into account in voltage calculations, unlike other simplified methods, where losses are totally neglected. As a result, calculation accuracy is greatly improved, in terms of node voltages, losses and overall active & reactive power flows. In addition, the proposed method is non-iterative and entirely linear, being easily implementable and fast in execution. The method is particularly suited for feeders with a high penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER), providing results that closely match those of a full non-linear power flow and are considerably more accurate than the traditional linearized distribution power flow methods, without any increase in computational burden. The new method is applied to a variety of case studies in the paper, to demonstrate its accuracy and effectiveness, comparing its performance with the simplified (linearized) DistFlow and a conventional non-linear power flow method
A comprehensive review of electricity storage applications in island systems
Electricity storage is crucial for power systems to achieve higher levels of
renewable energy penetration. This is especially significant for
non-interconnected island (NII) systems, which are electrically isolated and
vulnerable to the fluctuations of intermittent renewable generation. This paper
comprehensively reviews existing literature on electricity storage in island
systems, documenting relevant storage applications worldwide and emphasizing
the role of storage in transitioning NII towards a fossil-fuel-independent
electricity sector. On this topic, the literature review indicates that the
implementation of storage is a prerequisite for attaining renewable penetration
rates of over 50% due to the amplified requirements for system flexibility and
renewable energy arbitrage. The analysis also identifies potential storage
services and classifies applicable storage architectures for islands. Amongst
the available storage designs, two have emerged as particularly important for
further investigation; standalone, centrally managed storage stations and
storage combined with renewables to form a hybrid plant that operates
indivisibly in the market. For each design, the operating principles,
remuneration schemes, investment feasibility, and applications discussed in the
literature are presented in-depth, while possible implementation barriers are
acknowledged. The literature on hybrid power plants mainly focuses on
wind-powered pumped-hydro stations. However, recently, PV-powered battery-based
hybrid plants have gained momentum due to the decreasing cost of Li-ion
technology. On the other hand, standalone storage establishments rely heavily
on battery technology and are mainly used to provide flexibility to the island
grid. Nevertheless, these investments often suffer from insufficient
remunerating frameworks, making it challenging for storage projects to be
financially secure.Comment: 55 pages, 10 figure
A Method for the Analytical Extraction of the Single-Diode PV Model Parameters
Determination of PV model parameters usually requires time consuming iterative procedures, prone to initialization and convergence difficulties. In this paper, a set of analytical expressions is introduced to determine the five parameters of the single-diode model for crystalline PV modules at any operating conditions, in a simple and straightforward manner. The derivation of these equations is based on a newly found relation between the diode ideality factor and the open circuit voltage, which is explicitly formulated using the temperature coefficients. The proposed extraction method is robust, cost-efficient, and easy-to-implement, as it relies only on datasheet information, while it is based on a solid theoretical background. Its accuracy and computational efficiency is verified and compared to other methods available in the literature through both simulation and outdoor measurements.</p
Comparative Assessment of Priority Listing and Mixed Integer Linear Programming Unit Commitment Methods for Non-Interconnected Island Systems
The generation management concept for non-interconnected island (NII) systems is traditionally based on simple, semi-empirical operating rules dating back to the era before the massive deployment of renewable energy sources (RES), which do not achieve maximum RES penetration, optimal dispatch of thermal units and satisfaction of system security criteria. Nowadays, more advanced unit commitment (UC) and economic-dispatch (ED) approaches based on optimization techniques are gradually introduced to safeguard system operation against severe disturbances, to prioritize RES participation and to optimize dispatch of the thermal generation fleet. The main objective of this paper is to comparatively assess the traditionally applied priority listing (PL) UC method and a more sophisticated mixed integer linear programming (MILP) UC optimization approach, dedicated to NII power systems. Additionally, to facilitate the comparison of the UC approaches and quantify their impact on systems security, a first attempt is made to relate the primary reserves capability of each unit to the maximum acceptable frequency deviation at steady state conditions after a severe disturbance and the droop characteristic of the unit’s speed governor. The fundamental differences between the two approaches are presented and discussed, while daily and annual simulations are performed and the results obtained are further analyzed
Battery Energy Storage Participation in Automatic Generation Control of Island Systems, Coordinated with State of Charge Regulation
Efficient storage participation in the secondary frequency regulation of island systems is a prerequisite towards their complete decarbonization. However, energy reserve limitations of storage resources pose challenges to their integration in centralized automatic generation control (AGC). This paper presents a frequency control method, in which battery energy storage systems (BESSs) participate in automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) provision, through their integration in the AGC of an island system. A local state of charge (SOC) controller ensures safe operation of the BESS in case of disturbances, without jeopardizing system security when available energy reserves are diminishing. The aFRR participation factors of regulating units are altered when the storage systems approach their SOC limits, re-allocating their reserves to other load-following units. Restoration of BESS energy reserves is achieved by integrating SOC regulation in the real-time economic dispatch of the system, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and solved every few minutes to determine the base points of the AGC units. A small autonomous power system, comprising conventional units, renewable energy sources and a BESS, is used as a study case to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, which is compared with alternative approaches to secondary regulation with BESS participation
Battery Energy Storage Participation in Automatic Generation Control of Island Systems, Coordinated with State of Charge Regulation
Efficient storage participation in the secondary frequency regulation of island systems is a prerequisite towards their complete decarbonization. However, energy reserve limitations of storage resources pose challenges to their integration in centralized automatic generation control (AGC). This paper presents a frequency control method, in which battery energy storage systems (BESSs) participate in automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) provision, through their integration in the AGC of an island system. A local state of charge (SOC) controller ensures safe operation of the BESS in case of disturbances, without jeopardizing system security when available energy reserves are diminishing. The aFRR participation factors of regulating units are altered when the storage systems approach their SOC limits, re-allocating their reserves to other load-following units. Restoration of BESS energy reserves is achieved by integrating SOC regulation in the real-time economic dispatch of the system, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and solved every few minutes to determine the base points of the AGC units. A small autonomous power system, comprising conventional units, renewable energy sources and a BESS, is used as a study case to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, which is compared with alternative approaches to secondary regulation with BESS participation
A method for the analytical extraction of the single-diode PV model parameters
Determination of PV model parameters usually requires time consuming iterative procedures, prone to initialization and convergence difficulties. In this paper, a set of analytical expressions is introduced to determine the five parameters of the single-diode model for crystalline PV modules at any operating conditions, in a simple and straightforward manner. The derivation of these equations is based on a newly found relation between the diode ideality factor and the open circuit voltage, which is explicitly formulated using the temperature coefficients. The proposed extraction method is robust, cost-efficient, and easy-to-implement, as it relies only on datasheet information, while it is based on a solid theoretical background. Its accuracy and computational efficiency is verified and compared to other methods available in the literature through both simulation and outdoor measurements.</p