The Recent High State of the BL Lacertae Object AO 0235 and Cross-Correlations Between Optical and Radio Bands

We present new optical (B, V , R, I) and radio (at 14.5, 8.5, and 4.8 GHz) observations of the γ-ray- loud blazar AO 0235+164 obtained during the high state of 1997 December-1998 January. The data were combined with historical light curves from the literature to study correlated optical and radio variations over a time span of more than 20 years. Flux variability with large and energy-dependent amplitude is observed at both wave bands, with the source varying over all timescales sampled (years-months- days), in agreement with previous reports. We have performed a cross-correlation analysis of optical and radio light curves applying various detailed statistical methods. The principal results of our analysis can be summarized as follows : (1) we find that the optical and radio variations exhibit correlated flux changes at their average level , stressing the conclusion that the same emission mechanism is responsible for the radiation in the two bands (i.e., synchrotron emission from shocked plasma in the jet). However, as previously reported, a few strong flares at optical do not have obvious counterparts at longer wavelengths, possibly indicating that an additional component is present in the optical (e.g., microlensing), or, alternatively, rapid cooling of the synchrotron particles in a radiative shock. (2) Periodic variations are observed at radio frequencies (14.5 and 8.0 GHz) with a pattern repeating every ~5.8 years, as indicated by the Lomb-Scargle periodogram. This is the first report for periodicity at radio wavelengths for this source; future continuous monitoring is needed to confirm this result. (3) Through the analysis of B-V and R-I slopes, we observe large spectral variations, with a bimodal behavior. In the first state, the emission is consistent with a variable power law all across the sampled optical region (from R to V bands); in the second state, the R-I slope is constant while the B-V slope varies, i.e., the continuum has various degrees of curvature at the shorter wavelengths. In general, the power-law slope is not correlated with the f;ux of the source. However, there is an indication that when the source is in the first state, the spectrum becomes softer as the source brightens

Numerical comparison of the drag models of granular flows applied to the fast pyrolysis of biomass

The paper presents a comparison between the different drag models for granular flows developed in the literature and the effect of each one of them on the fast pyrolysis of wood. The process takes place on an 100 g/h lab scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor located at Aston University. FLUENT 6.3 is used as the modeling framework of the fluidized bed hydrodynamics, while the fast pyrolysis of the discrete wood particles is incorporated as an external user defined function (UDF) hooked to FLUENT’s main code structure. Three different drag models for granular flows are compared, namely the Gidaspow, Syamlal O’Brien, and Wen-Yu, already incorporated in FLUENT’s main code, and their impact on particle trajectory, heat transfer, degradation rate, product yields, and char residence time is quantified. The Eulerian approach is used to model the bubbling behavior of the sand, which is treated as a continuum. Biomass reaction kinetics is modeled according to the literature using a two-stage, semiglobal model that takes into account secondary reactions.<br/