137 research outputs found
Constraining the Envelope Structure of L1527 IRS: Infrared Scattered Light Modeling
We model Spitzer Space Telescope observations of the Taurus Class 0 protostar
L1527 IRS (IRAS 04368+2557) to provide constraints on its protostellar envelope
structure. The nearly edge-on inclination of L1527 IRS, coupled with the highly
spatially-resolved near to mid-infrared images of this object and the detailed
IRS spectrum, enable us to constrain the outflow cavity geometry quite well,
reducing uncertainties in the other derived parameters. The mid-infrared
scattered light image shows a bright central source within a dark lane; the
aspect ratio of this dark lane is such that it appears highly unlikely to be a
disk shadow. In modeling this dark lane, we conclude that L1527 IRS is probably
not described by a standard TSC envelope with simple bipolar cavities. We find
it necessary to model the dark lane and central source as a modified inner
envelope structure. This structure may be due either to a complex wind-envelope
interaction or induced by the central binary. To fit the overall SED, we
require the central source to have a large near to mid-infrared excess,
suggesting substantial disk accretion. Our model reproduces the overall
morphology and surface brightness distribution of L1527 IRS fairly well, given
the limitations of using axisymmetric models to fit the non-axisymmetric real
object, and the derived envelope infall rates are in reasonable agreement with
some other investigations. IRAC observations of L1527 IRS taken 12 months apart
show variability in total flux and variability in the opposing bipolar
cavities, suggesting asymmetric variations in accretion. We also provide model
images at high resolution for comparison to future observations with current
ground-based instrumentation and future space-based telescopes.Comment: 50 pages, 14 figures 2 tables, accepted by the Astrophysical Journal.
The manuscript with full resolution figures can be downloaded from
http://astro.lsa.umich.edu/~jjtobin/L1527.pd
Evidence for a developing gap in a 10 Myr old protoplanetary disk
We have developed a self-consistent model of the disk around the nearby 10
Myr old star TW Hya which matches the observed spectral energy distribution and
7mm images of the disk. The model requires a significant dust size evolution
and a partially-evacuated inner disk region, as predicted by theories of planet
formation. The outer disk, which extends to at least 140 AU in radius, is very
optically thick at IR wavelengths and quite massive ~0.06 Msun for the
relatively advanced age of this T Tauri star. This implies long viscous and
dust evolution timescales, although dust must have grown to sizes of order ~1cm
to explain the sub-mm and mm spectral slopes. In contrast, the negligible
near-infrared excess emission of this system requires that the disk be
optically thin inside ~4 AU.This inner region cannot be completely evacuated;
we need ~0.5 lunar mass of ~1 micron particles remaining to produce the
observed 10 micron silicate emission. Our model requires a distinct transition
in disk properties at ~4 AU, separating the inner and outer disk. The inner
edge of the optically-thick outer disk must be heated almost frontally by the
star to account for the excess flux at mid-IR wavelengths. We speculate that
this truncation of the outer disk may be the signpost of a developing gap due
to the effects of a growing protoplanet; the gap is still presumably evolving
because material still resides in it, as indicated by the silicate emission,
the molecular hydrogen emission, and by the continued accretion onto the
central star (albeit at a much lower rate than typical of younger T Tauri
stars). TW Hya thus may become the Rosetta stone for our understanding of the
evolution and dissipation of protoplanetary disks.Comment: 23 pages including 5 figures, Accepted by AP
On the structure of molecular clouds
We show that the interâcloud Larson scaling relation between mean volume density and size Ï â R â1 , which in turn implies that mass M â R 2 , or that the column density N is constant, is an artefact of the observational methods used. Specifically, setting the column density threshold near or above the peak of the column density probability distribution function N âPDF ( N ⌠10 21 cm â2 ) produces the Larson scaling as long as the N âPDF decreases rapidly at higher column densities. We argue that the physical reasons behind local clouds to have this behaviour are that (1) this peak column density is near the value required to shield CO from photodissociation in the solar neighbourhood, and (2) gas at higher column densities is rare because it is susceptible to gravitational collapse into much smaller structures in specific small regions of the cloud. Similarly, we also use previous results to show that if instead a threshold is set for the volume density, the density will appear to be constant, implying thus that M â R 3 . Thus, the Larson scaling relation does not provide much information on the structure of molecular clouds, and does not imply either that clouds are in Virial equilibrium, or have a universal structure. We also show that the slope of the M â R curve for a single cloud, which transitions from nearâtoâflat values for large radii to α = 2 as a limiting case for small radii, depends on the properties of the N âPDF.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94491/1/mnr22130.pd
Mineral Processing by Short Circuits in Protoplanetary Disks
Meteoritic chondrules were formed in the early solar system by brief heating
of silicate dust to melting temperatures. Some highly refractory grains (Type B
calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions, CAIs) also show signs of transient heating. A
similar process may occur in other protoplanetary disks, as evidenced by
observations of spectra characteristic of crystalline silicates. One possible
environment for this process is the turbulent magnetohydrodynamic flow thought
to drive accretion in these disks. Such flows generally form thin current
sheets, which are sites of magnetic reconnection, and dissipate the magnetic
fields amplified by a disk dynamo. We suggest that it is possible to heat
precursor grains for chondrules and other high-temperature minerals in current
sheets that have been concentrated by our recently described short-circuit
instability. We extend our work on this process by including the effects of
radiative cooling, taking into account the temperature dependence of the
opacity; and by examining current sheet geometry in three-dimensional, global
models of magnetorotational instability. We find that temperatures above 1600 K
can be reached for favorable parameters that match the ideal global models.
This mechanism could provide an efficient means of tapping the gravitational
potential energy of the protoplanetary disk to heat grains strongly enough to
form high-temperature minerals. The volume-filling nature of turbulent magnetic
reconnection is compatible with constraints from chondrule-matrix
complementarity, chondrule-chondrule complementarity, the occurrence of igneous
rims, and compound chondrules. The same short-circuit mechanism may perform
other high-temperature mineral processing in protoplanetary disks such as the
production of crystalline silicates and CAIs.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, ApJL published versio
Molecular Line Emission from Accretion Disks Around YSOs
In this work we model the expected molecular emission from protoplanetary
disks, modifying different physical parameters, such as dust grain size, mass
accretion rate, viscosity, and disk radius, to obtain observational signatures
in these sources. Having in mind possible future observations, we study
correlations between physical parameters and observational characteristics. Our
aim is to determine the kind of observations that will allow us to extract
information about the physical parameters of disks. We also present prospects
for molecular line observations of protoplanetary disks, using millimeter and
submillimeter interferometers (e.g., SMA or ALMA), based on our results.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Proceeding of the workshop "Magnetic fields and
star formation: theory versus observation", Madrid (Spain), April 21 - 25,
200
Disk evolution in the Ori OB1 association
We analyze multi-band photometry of a subsample of low mass stars in the
associations Ori OB1a and 1b discovered during the CIDA Orion Variability
Survey, which have ages of 7 - 10 Myr and 3 - 5 Myr, respectively. We obtained
UBVRcIc photometry at Mt. Hopkins for 6 Classical T Tauri stars (CTTS) and 26
Weak T Tauri stars (WTTS) in Ori OB1a, and for 21 CTTS and 2 WTTS in Ori OB1b.
We also obtained L band photometry for 14 CTTS at Mt. Hopkins, and 10um and
18um photometry with OSCIR at Gemini for 6 CTTS; of these, all 6 were detected
at 10um while only one was detected at 18um. We estimate mass accretion rates
from the excess luminosity at U, and find that they are consistent with
determinations for a number of other associations, with or without high mass
star formation. The observed decrease of mass accretion rate with age is
qualitatively consistent with predictions of viscous evolution of accretion
disks. We find an overall decrease of disk emission from Taurus to Ori OB1b to
Ori OB1a. This decrease implies that significant grain growth and settling
towards the midplane has taken place in the inner disks of Ori OB1. We compare
the SED of the star detected at both 10um and 18um with disk models for similar
stellar and accretion parameters. We find that the low <= 18 um fluxes of this
Ori OB1b star cannot be due to the smaller disk radius expected from viscous
evolution in the presence of the FUV radiation fields from the OB stars in the
association. Instead, we find that the disk of this star is essentially a flat
disk, with little if any flaring, indicating a a significant degree of dust
settling towards the midplane, as expected from dust evolution in
protoplanetary disks.Comment: 35 pages, 11 figures, to appear in the Astronomical Journal. Full
resolution figures in http://www.cida.ve/~briceno/publications
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