Increased number of T cells committed to IL-5 production after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of human mononuclear cells in vitro

We examined changes in the cytokine profile of T cells induced by in vitro infection with RSV. Isolated mononuclear cells from 27 healthy adults and six infants were infected with RSV at a concentration of 3 MOI (multiplicity of infection). After 48 h cells were restimulated with phorbol ester and ionomycin in the presence of monensin for 5 h. The intracellular expression of viral antigen, the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and the expression of surface markers were assessed by immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry. There was a significant (P < 0.001) rise of IL-5 expression in RSV-infected cultures in comparison with uninfected cultures from the same individuals, whereas there were no changes in the expression of the other lymphokines. The increase in IL-5 generation depended on viable infectious RSV rather than inactivated virus. RSV infection as well as IL-5 production in T cells were confined to the CD8 subpopulation. However, there was no simultaneous expression of RSV antigen and IL-5. Purified T cells did not show any increase in IL-5 generation. However, when the rate of RSV infection was enhanced in monocytes by means of a specific monoclonal antibody, co-cultured T cells displayed an increase of IL-5 production compared with samples with ordinary low rate RSV infection. It is therefore likely that the increased commitment of lymphocytes to produce IL-5 after RSV infection in vitro is mediated by monocytes or other antigen-presenting cells