A Review of Intelligent Music Generation Systems

With the introduction of ChatGPT, the public's perception of AI-generated content (AIGC) has begun to reshape. Artificial intelligence has significantly reduced the barrier to entry for non-professionals in creative endeavors, enhancing the efficiency of content creation. Recent advancements have seen significant improvements in the quality of symbolic music generation, which is enabled by the use of modern generative algorithms to extract patterns implicit in a piece of music based on rule constraints or a musical corpus. Nevertheless, existing literature reviews tend to present a conventional and conservative perspective on future development trajectories, with a notable absence of thorough benchmarking of generative models. This paper provides a survey and analysis of recent intelligent music generation techniques, outlining their respective characteristics and discussing existing methods for evaluation. Additionally, the paper compares the different characteristics of music generation techniques in the East and West as well as analysing the field's development prospects

Identification of the Conformational transition pathway in PIP2 Opening Kir Channels

The gating of Kir channels depends critically on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), but the detailed mechanism by which PIP2regulates Kir channels remains obscure. Here, we performed a series of Targeted molecular dynamics simulations on the full-length Kir2.1 channel and, for the first time, were able to achieve the transition from the closed to the open state. Our data show that with the upward motion of the cytoplasmic domain (CTD) the structure of the C-Linker changes from a loop to a helix. The twisting of the C-linker triggers the rotation of the CTD, which induces a small downward movement of the CTD and an upward motion of the slide helix toward the membrane that pulls the inner helix gate open. At the same time, the rotation of the CTD breaks the interaction between the CD- and G-loops thus releasing the G-loop. The G-loop then bounces away from the CD-loop, which leads to the opening of the G-loop gate and the full opening of the pore. We identified a series of interaction networks, between the N-terminus, CD loop, C linker and G loop one by one, which exquisitely regulates the global conformational changes during the opening of Kir channels by PIP2

Identification of the Conformational transition pathway in PIP2 Opening Kir Channels

The gating of Kir channels depends critically on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), but the detailed mechanism by which PIP2 regulates Kir channels remains obscure. Here, we performed a series of Targeted molecular dynamics simulations on the full-length Kir2.1 channel and, for the first time, were able to achieve the transition from the closed to the open state. Our data show that with the upward motion of the cytoplasmic domain (CTD) the structure of the C-Linker changes from a loop to a helix. The twisting of the C-linker triggers the rotation of the CTD, which induces a small downward movement of the CTD and an upward motion of the slide helix toward the membrane that pulls the inner helix gate open. At the same time, the rotation of the CTD breaks the interaction between the CD- and G-loops thus releasing the G-loop. The G-loop then bounces away from the CD-loop, which leads to the opening of the G-loop gate and the full opening of the pore. We identified a series of interaction networks, between the N-terminus, CD loop, C linker and G loop one by one, which exquisitely regulates the global conformational changes during the opening of Kir channels by PIP2

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Circulation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons: Implementation and verification

In this letter, we are dedicated to implementation and experimental verification of broadband circulator for spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). For the ease of fabrication, a circulator operating in X band was firstly designed. The comb-like transmission lines (CL-TLs), a typical SSPP structure, are adopted as the three branches of the Y-junction. To enable broadband coupling of SSPP, a transition section is added on each end of the CL-TLs. Through such a design, the circulator can operate under the sub-wavelength SSPP mode in a broad band. The simulation results show that the insertion loss is less than 0.5dB while the isolation and return loss are higher than 20dB in 9.4-12.0GHz. A prototype was fabricated and measured. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results and verify the broadband circulation performance in X band

Efficiency and safety of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) combined with anti‐PD1 therapy versus HAIC monotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter propensity score matching analysis

Abstract Purpose To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of combination therapy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) and anti‐programmed cell death protein‐1 (PD‐1) therapy in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods In this retrospective clinical research, from March 2018 to December 2019, 1158 HCC patients categorized as BCLC stage C were reviewed for eligibility. We utilized propensity score matching (PSM) to mitigate initial disparities between the groups. The evaluation of the best tumor response was conducted in accordance with mRECIST 1.1 criteria. The difference in survival outcomes including overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR) between groups were compared. Results Following the eligibility review, 453 patients underwent a combined treatment of HAIC with PD1 inhibitors (HAIC‐PD1 group), while 221 patients received HAIC monotherapy (HAIC group) met the inclusion criteria and were finally enrolled in this study. In the entire cohort, the HAIC‐PD1 group exhibited significantly prolonged overall survival (median overall survival: 40.4 months vs. 9.7 months, p < 0.001) and progression‐free survival (median progression‐free survival: 22.1 months vs. 5.8 months, p < 0.001). By propensity score, patients were matched according to baseline differences, resulting in all 442 patients in group HAIC‐PD1 (n = 221) and group HAIC (n = 221). After PSM adjustment, as well, the survival of the HAIC‐PD1 group was still distinctly longer than the HAIC group (median overall survival time, 40.4 months vs 9.7 months, p < 0.001; median progression‐free survival, 22.1 months vs 5.7 months, p < 0.001). Univariate and multivariable analysis demonstrated that AFP level, metastasis, and therapeutic schedule were independent predictive factors for overall survival. Conclusion The combination therapy of HAIC and PD1 inhibitors successfully extended OS to advanced HCC patients and could be a better choice than HAIC monotherapy

Simultaneous identifying the infarct core, collaterals, and penumbra after acute ischemic stroke with a low-immunogenic MRI nanoprobe

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality. The collaterals provide an alternative pathway to preserve the ischemic brain tissue, and determine the penumbra range, where the neurons are salvageable. Therefore, accurately monitoring the collaterals and identifying the penumbra are crucial. Herein, a low-immunogenic nanoprobe-based MRI strategy is developed to simultaneously identify the infarct core, collaterals distribution, and ischemic penumbra distributions. The low-immunogenic nanoprobe was constructed by covalently attaching self-peptide on the surface of biocompatible Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a stealth coating. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments clearly revealed that the nanoprobes can effectively avoid capture by macrophages, and exhibited prolonged blood half-life to continuously enhance the contrast of blood vessels in a longer time window in susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), which enabled the delineation of the collaterals and ischemic penumbra. More importantly, combined with the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), the infarct core, collateral vessels, and the ischemic penumbra range can be identified simultaneously. In this context, the stroke progress including infarct core growth, collateral vessel formation, and penumbra distribution, can be better understood. This nanoprobe-based strategy thus offers a practical route for precise diagnosis of ischemic stroke, which remains a challenge for conventional MRI strategies