Modified limb lead system: Its effects on wave amplitudes and axis in surface ECG

Modified limb lead (MLL) electrocardiogram (ECG) system may be used during rest or exercise ECG test, or in atrial activity enhancement. Due to modifications to limb electrode placement, changes are likely to happen in ECG wave amplitudes and frontal plane axis, which may alter the clinical limits of normality and ECG diagnostic criteria (1). There are also several other alterna- tive lead systems that are placed on the human torso to record and study the electrical activity of the atria (2–4). A few recent studies have proposed modification to the standard 12-lead ECG system of placing the limb electrodes closer to the atria in order to enhance atrial ECG components (5–7)

Modified limb lead system: Its effects on wave amplitudes and axis in surface ECG

Modified limb lead (MLL) electrocardiogram (ECG) system may be used during rest or exercise ECG test, or in atrial activity enhancement. Due to modifications to limb electrode placement, changes are likely to happen in ECG wave amplitudes and frontal plane axis, which may alter the clinical limits of normality and ECG diagnostic criteria (1). There are also several other alterna- tive lead systems that are placed on the human torso to record and study the electrical activity of the atria (2–4). A few recent studies have proposed modification to the standard 12-lead ECG system of placing the limb electrodes closer to the atria in order to enhance atrial ECG components (5–7)

Waves in the solar photosphere

The solar photosphere is a partially ionized medium with collisions between electrons, various metallic ions and neutral hydrogen playing an important role in the momentum and energy transport in the medium. Furthermore, the number of neutral hydrogen atom could be as large as $10^{4}$ times the number of plasma particles in the lower photosphere. The non-ideal MHD effects, namely Ohm, Ambipolar and Hall diffusion can play an important role in the photosphere. We demonstrate that Hall is an important non-ideal MHD effect in the solar photosphere and show that Hall effect can significantly affect the excitation and propagation of the waves in the medium. We also demonstrate that the non-ideal Hall dominated inhomogeneous medium can become parametrically unstable, and it could have important ramification for the photosphere and chromosphere of the sun. The analysis hints at the possibility of solar photosphere becoming parametrically unstable against the linear fluctuations.Comment: 5 Figures and 1 table, accepted for publication in MNRA