Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and estimation of quercetin by HPLC from Caesalpinia bonducella

Caesalpinia bonducella is an important medicinal plant for its traditional uses against different types of diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activities, phytochemical analysis and HPLC analysis of ethanol extract of leaves of Caesalpinia bonducella collected from Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics flavonoids and alkaloids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of the leaves was assessed against DPPH and Nitric oxide scavenging activity using standard protocols. Quercetin was detected in ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella under study by using RP-HPLC analysis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids. The total phenolic, flavonoids and alkaloids content of ethanolic leave extract of Caesalpinia bonducella was found to be 0.647, 0.941and 0.369mg/100mg respectively. Caesalpinia bonducella extracts showed effective DPPH radical scavenging and nitric oxide scavenging activity. Quercetin content was found in Caesalpinia bonducella extract, was quantified as 0.285µg/ml. HPLC analysis of plant extracts indicated the presence of the most abundant dietary flavonol, Quercetin. The results of this study revealed that the bioactive compound content differences could be determinant for the medicinal properties of this plant especially for antioxidant activities with potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Caesalpinia bonducella, Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant, HPLC analysi

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION OF SOME 1, 2, 4-TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

Objectives: To synthesize, characterize and evaluate antimicrobial properties of some 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives. Methods: A novel series of 1, 2, 4-Triazole derivatives (D-1-D-8) had been synthesized. Ethyl esters of benzoic and 4-substituted benzoic acids were synthesized using ethanol and conc. sulphuric acid. In the second step, hydrazides of these esters were prepared. This hydrazide was converted into potassium salt of dithiocarbazinate using carbon disulfide and potassium hydroxide which on cyclization formed compounds (D-1-D-2). Compound D-3 was formed by reacting D-1 with 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride in dry pyridine. Compounds (D-4-D-8) were synthesized by mixing aqueous solution of 10% NaOH in different primary amines and then heating it with potassium salt of dithiocarbazinate. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of 1H NMR and Mass spectroscopic techniques. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity was evaluated by Disc Diffusion method. Ofloxacin and Clotrimazole were used as standard drug respectively. Results: The results revealed that compounds D-3 and D-4 exhibited good antibacterial activity and D-1 and D-2 had moderate antibacterial activity as compared with standard drug Ofloxacin, while compounds (D-5-D-8) exhibited moderate antifungal activity as compared to standard drug Clotrimazole. Conclusion: A novel series of 1, 2, 4-Triazole derivatives were synthesized and were obtained in good yields. Newly synthesized compounds were isolated and purified by thin layer chromatography and column chromatography respectively

Observation on dengue cases from a virus diagnostic laboratory of a tertiary care hospital in North India

Background & objectives: The epidemiology of dengue fever (DF) is complex in the Indian subcontinent as all the four serotypes are circulating. This study reports observations on dengue cases from a virus diagnostic laboratory of a north Indian tertiary care hospital catering to areas in and around Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from suspected cases of dengue referred to the virus diagnostic laboratory during 2011 to 2013, and detailed history was taken on a pre-structured datasheet. All samples were tested for anti-dengue virus (DV) IgM antibodies and DV-non structural protein 1 antigen (NS1Ag) by ELISA. NS1Ag positive samples were tested further by conventional RT-PCR for DV-RNA detection and serotyping. Results: Of the 4019 suspected patients of dengue, 886 (22%) showed laboratory evidence of dengue virus infection. Of these, 19, 17 and 27 per cent were positive in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Children and adults were similarly affected by dengue in all the three years. Males were more commonly affected than females. The predominant DV serotype detected was DV-2, DV-1 and DV-3 in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. DV-4 serotype was not detected. About half the cases positive for DV infection, showed symptoms of dengue with warning signs/ severe dengue. A distinct seasonality with increase in number of dengue cases in the post monsoon period was seen. Interpretation & conclusions: Change in circulating serotype of dengue virus; a distinct adult dengue involvement; and a remarkable number of cases presenting with severe dengue manifestations are the main findings of this study