The eruption characteristics of the Tarim flood basalt

Integration of field investigation, regional stratigraphic comparison, remote sensing and image interpretation allow us to divide the Tarim Permian flood basalt province into three eruptive cycles listed by decreasing age; Kupukuziman flood basalt (KP), Felsic pyroclastic rocks (FP), Kaipaizileike flood basalt (KZ). KP features flood basalt and tuff; in the outcrop in Keping and Yingmaili areas, it can be differentiated into two units containing three thick layers of basaltic lava flows. These three layers decrease to one layer of basaltic lava flow in the Halahatang area; however, felsic pyroclastic rocks and lava layer thicknesses increase in the Halahatang area. FP in the outcrop in Keping area consists of ash fall tuff, ignimbrite, resedimented pyroclastic rocks, and the tuff layer interbedded with the normal elastic rocks section from top to bottom. This section is comparable to the tuff layer in the Yingmaili and Halahatang area, thus reveals one layer of lava flow covering an extensive area clue to a unit of the eruption of the FP. KZ mainly features flood basalt in its Kaipaizileike section, identifications of 4 eruptive units, 8 layers of flood basalt, and I layer of andesitic basalt were made. Traces of elastic rocks were found between eruption units, but no FP interlayers were found. This characteristic is different from Yingmaili and Halahatang volcanic se.quences, but similar to the flood basalt in Tazhong area. The differentiation between these three volcanic cycles reveals that Tarim flood basalt underwent a "flood basalt-felsic pyroclastic rocks-flood basalt " transformation, and is similar to Afro-Arabian large igneous province; thus, a comparative study between these two regions is merited

The eruption characteristics of the Tarim flood basalt

Integration of field investigation, regional stratigraphic comparison, remote sensing and image interpretation allow us to divide the Tarim Permian flood basalt province into three eruptive cycles listed by decreasing age; Kupukuziman flood basalt (KP), Felsic pyroclastic rocks (FP), Kaipaizileike flood basalt (KZ). KP features flood basalt and tuff; in the outcrop in Keping and Yingmaili areas, it can be differentiated into two units containing three thick layers of basaltic lava flows. These three layers decrease to one layer of basaltic lava flow in the Halahatang area; however, felsic pyroclastic rocks and lava layer thicknesses increase in the Halahatang area. FP in the outcrop in Keping area consists of ash fall tuff, ignimbrite, resedimented pyroclastic rocks, and the tuff layer interbedded with the normal elastic rocks section from top to bottom. This section is comparable to the tuff layer in the Yingmaili and Halahatang area, thus reveals one layer of lava flow covering an extensive area clue to a unit of the eruption of the FP. KZ mainly features flood basalt in its Kaipaizileike section, identifications of 4 eruptive units, 8 layers of flood basalt, and I layer of andesitic basalt were made. Traces of elastic rocks were found between eruption units, but no FP interlayers were found. This characteristic is different from Yingmaili and Halahatang volcanic se.quences, but similar to the flood basalt in Tazhong area. The differentiation between these three volcanic cycles reveals that Tarim flood basalt underwent a "flood basalt-felsic pyroclastic rocks-flood basalt " transformation, and is similar to Afro-Arabian large igneous province; thus, a comparative study between these two regions is merited

Influences on Foreign Equity Ownership Level in Joint Ventures in China

This study examines the determinants of foreign equity ownership in joint ventures in China. Drawing upon Duning's ownership, locational and internalization paradigm and the literature on bargaining power, eleven variables that impact foreign ownership preferences and concessions are examined. These variables are advertising intensity, foreign capital input, country risk of China, EJV investment amount, EJV contractual duration, cultural distance, competitive intensity, local partner state ownership, local partner alignment, foreign partner alignment, and EJV location. The empirical findings are largely consistent with the hypotheses. The empirical findings are largely consistent with the hypotheses. Further, interesting differences were found among U.S., European and Japanese firms with respect to the impact of these determinants.© 1996 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (1996) 27, 1–26

Equity Ownership in International Joint Ventures: The Impact of Source Country Factors

This study examines the impact of four source country factors on the equity ownership in international joint ventures (IJVs). These factors are exchange rate, cost of borrowing, export capability, and management orientation. Based on a sample of 8,078 IJVs in China, this study shows that equity ownership tends to be higher for parent firms from a source country with strong currency, low cost of borrowing, strong export capability, and high uncertainty avoidance.© 2002 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (2002) 33, 375–384

Joint Ventures Formation of Very Large Multinational Firms

Large firms differ from smaller firms in many aspects. In this research note, we investigate the relationship between the size of firm and the characteristics of equity joint ventures (EJVs). Empirically, we found that very large firms are more likely to have a higher equity stake in their EJVs, seek alignment with other foreign firms, engage in global industries, and invest in large-scale EJVs than smaller firms. They are also less affected by the risk conditions of the host country. Empirical testing is based on a sample of 1,298 foreign EJVs in the People's Republic of China between 1981 and 1998. Interesting differences also exist among firms that are based in the U.S., Japan, and Europe.© 2000 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (2000) 31, 179–189