Work Function of Single-wall Silicon Carbide Nanotube

Using first-principles calculations, we study the work function of single wall silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT). The work function is found to be highly dependent on the tube chirality and diameter. It increases with decreasing the tube diameter. The work function of zigzag SiCNT is always larger than that of armchair SiCNT. We reveal that the difference between the work function of zigzag and armchair SiCNT comes from their different intrinsic electronic structures, for which the singly degenerate energy band above the Fermi level of zigzag SiCNT is specifically responsible. Our finding offers potential usages of SiCNT in field-emission devices.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure

Critical Current Density and Resistivity of MgB2 Films

The high resistivity of many bulk and film samples of MgB2 is most readily explained by the suggestion that only a fraction of the cross-sectional area of the samples is effectively carrying current. Hence the supercurrent (Jc) in such samples will be limited by the same area factor, arising for example from porosity or from insulating oxides present at the grain boundaries. We suggest that a correlation should exist, Jc ~ 1/{Rho(300K) - Rho(50K)}, where Rho(300K) - Rho(50K) is the change in the apparent resistivity from 300 K to 50 K. We report measurements of Rho(T) and Jc for a number of films made by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition which demonstrate this correlation, although the "reduced effective area" argument alone is not sufficient. We suggest that this argument can also apply to many polycrystalline bulk and wire samples of MgB2.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure

Morphological characterization of shocked porous material

Morphological measures are introduced to probe the complex procedure of shock wave reaction on porous material. They characterize the geometry and topology of the pixelized map of a state variable like the temperature. Relevance of them to thermodynamical properties of material is revealed and various experimental conditions are simulated. Numerical results indicate that, the shock wave reaction results in a complicated sequence of compressions and rarefactions in porous material. The increasing rate of the total fractional white area $A$ roughly gives the velocity $D$ of a compressive-wave-series. When a velocity $D$ is mentioned, the corresponding threshold contour-level of the state variable, like the temperature, should also be stated. When the threshold contour-level increases, $D$ becomes smaller. The area $A$ increases parabolically with time $t$ during the initial period. The $A(t)$ curve goes back to be linear in the following three cases: (i) when the porosity $\delta$ approaches 1, (ii) when the initial shock becomes stronger, (iii) when the contour-level approaches the minimum value of the state variable. The area with high-temperature may continue to increase even after the early compressive-waves have arrived at the downstream free surface and some rarefactive-waves have come back into the target body. In the case of energetic material ... (see the full text)Comment: 3 figures in JPG forma

Comparison of Proanthocyanidins with Different Polymerisation Degrees among Berry Skins of ‘Shiraz’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and ‘Marselan’

Proanthocyanidins in grape berries are synthesised mainly before véraison, and very little attention ispaid to the evolution of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in grapes from véraison to harvest. The present studyfocused on the changes of flavan-3-ols with different degrees of polymerisation in grape skins and thedifference in proanthocyandin composition of ‘Shiraz’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Marselan’ grapes (Vitisvinifera L.). The results show that the content of flavan-3-ols, the percentage of prodelphinidins (%P)and mean degree polymerisation (mDP) found in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ berry skins at post-véraison werehigher than those in ‘Shiraz’ and ‘Marselan’ skins. Only monomeric, dimeric, trimeric and polymericflavan-3-ols were detected in the three grape cultivars. Polymers with more than tenfold flavan-3-ol unitsaccounted for a relatively high proportion in grape berry skins, and the content in the three cultivarsdeclined continuously during ripening. Principal component analysis showed that proanthocyanidincontent, composition and mDP at grape harvest stage depended strongly on grape cultivar. This studyprovides some useful information for understanding the accumulation of PAs during berry maturationand this information can be used to improve wine quality

The Friedmann equation in modified entropy-area relation from entropy force

According to the formal holographic principle, a modification to the assumption of holographic principle in Verlinder's investigation of entropy force is obtained. A more precise relation between entropy and area in the holographic system is proposed. With the entropy corrections to the area-relation, we derivate Newton's laws and Einstein equation with a static spherically symmetric holographic screen. Furthermore we derived the correction terms to the modified Friedmann equation of the FRW universe starting from the holographic principle and the Debye model.Comment: Mod. Phys. Lett. A26, 489-500 (2011

Soft Clay Ground Improvement of Ningbo International Airport

Ningbo International Airport is built on the soft clay ground first in China. It has a runway 3,000m in length and 45m in width. The thickness of soft clay is greater than 32m. The calculating consolidation settlement is 0. 48m, far beyond to allowable limit. The soft clay ground is improved by wick drain and surcharge precompression. The airport has been put in service since July, 1990. The process and the results of a full scale embankment test, the ground improvement and the settlement observation are described. The influence of the smear and the well resistance of the wick drain on the consolidation rate are discussed

Changes of 3-Alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines in Developing Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) and Zuoshanyi (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) Grapes from North China

Changes in 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines (MPs) in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) and Zuoshanyi(Vitis amurensis Rupr.) grapes from different areas of North China were monitored throughout berrydevelopment in 2010. One kind of MP, 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), was detected in CabernetSauvignon grapes, and its content in grapes from Gaotai County was much higher than in those from theother two producing areas at the stages of véraison and maturity. Zuoshanyi grapes contained much moreIBMP than Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, and an additional kind of MP, 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine(IPMP), was also detected in developing Zuoshanyi grapes. Abundant MPs might explain the stronger‘green’ and ‘herbaceous’ characters in Zuoshanyi grapes. MPs accumulated in the early developmentalstage in both Zuoshanyi and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and rapidly decreased in the later stages. Delaysin the time of harvest for Cabernet Sauvignon in Gaotai County and Zuoshanyi in Beijing are suggested inorder to reduce MPs levels and the herbaceous character of these grapes