Old and New Challenges for Welfare Regimes: A Global Perspective

Purpose This paper presents an introduction to the special issue titled “Old and New Challenges for Welfare Regimes: A Global Perspective” Design/methodology/approach The authors of the special issue combine case studies and comparative analysis across America, Asia, Africa and Europe. The authors were invited to develop their studies with a focus on one or more of three axes: (1) Institutional and governance challenges surrounding the implementation and expansion of social welfare programs; (2) State of the art and diversity across emerging welfare states; (3) Challenges associated with migration and demographic pressures. Findings Articles in this special issue contribute to our understanding of recent challenges and transformations of welfare regimes, with special attention to the following policy areas: youth-emancipation, the reduction of poverty and income inequality, social protection and taxation, the role of historical institutionalism to better understand social policy implementation and expansion, the lack of transformative social protection in ‘New Right’ governments, determinants of social equality and the transformative effect of migration into welfare states. Originality To our knowledge, the existing publications on transformations and challenges of welfare regimes are still very much centered around a Western-European context. The global perspective and diversity of policy areas covered aims to shed light on the important lessons and policy implications from less traditional welfare state

Precarious employment in Chile: psychometric properties of the Chilean version of Employment Precariousness Scale in private sector workers

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to perform a psychometric analysis (acceptability, reliability and factor structure) of the Chilean version of the new Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES). The data is drawn from a sample of 4,248 private salaried workers with a formal contract from the first Chilean Employment Conditions, Work, Health and Quality of Life (ENETS) survey, applied to a nationally representative sample of the Chilean workforce in 2010. Item and scale-level statistics were performed to assess scaling properties, acceptability and reliability. The six-dimensional factor structure was examined with confirmatory factor analysis. The scale exhibited high acceptability (roughly 80%) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.83) and the factor structure was confirmed. One subscale (rights) demonstrated poorer metric properties without compromising the overall scale. The Chilean version of the Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES-Ch) demonstrated good metric properties, pointing to its suitability for use in epidemiologic and public health research

Social class, health inequalities, and health-related behaviors of working people in Chile Clase social, desigualdades en salud y conductas relacionadas con la salud de la población trabajadora en Chile

OBJECTIVE: To analyze links between social class and health-related indicators and behaviors in Chilean workers, from a neo-Marxian perspective. METHODS: A cross-sectional study based on the First National Survey on Employment, Work, Health, and Quality of Life of Workers in Chile, done in 2009-2010 (n = 9 503). Dependent variables were self-perceived health status and mental health, examined using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Health-related behavior variables included tobacco use and physical activity. The independent variable was neo-Marxian social class. Descriptive analyses of prevalence were performed and odds ratio (OR) models and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. RESULTS: Medium employers (between 2 and 10 employees) reported a lower prevalence of poor health (21.6% [OR 0.68; 95%CI 0.46-0.99]). Unskilled managers had the lowest mental health risk (OR 0.43; 95%CI 0.21-0.88), with differences between men and women. Large employers (more than 10 employees) reported smoking the least, while large employers, expert supervisors, and semi-skilled workers engaged in significantly more physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Large employers and expert managers have the best health-related indicators and behaviors. Formal proletarians, informal proletarians, and unskilled supervisors, however, have the worst general health indicators, confirming that social class is a key determinant in the generation of population health inequalities.<br>OBJETIVO: Analizar los vínculos entre la clase social y los diferentes indicadores y conductas relacionados con la salud, a partir de una perspectiva neomarxista en población trabajadora chilena. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal a partir de la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Empleo, Trabajo, Salud y Calidad de Vida de los Trabajadores y Trabajadoras en Chile, efectuada en 2009-2010 (n = 9 503). Las variables dependientes fueron el estado de salud autopercibido y la salud mental, examinada mediante el Cuestionario de Salud Global (GHQ-12, por sus siglas en inglés). Las variables de conductas relacionadas con la salud incluyeron el consumo de tabaco y la realización de actividad física. La variable independiente fue la clase social neomarxista. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de prevalencia y se estimaron modelos de razón de probabilidades (RP) e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: Los medianos empresarios refirieron tener una menor prevalencia de mala salud (21,6% [RP 0,68; IC95% 0,46-0,99]). En relación a la salud mental, los que presentaban menor riesgo eran los gerentes básicos (RP 0,43; IC95% 0,21-0,88), observándose diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Los que refirieron fumar con menor frecuencia fueron los empresarios, mientras que los que realizaban significativamente más actividad física fueron los empresarios, los supervisores expertos y los trabajadores semicalificados. CONCLUSIONES: Los empresarios y gerentes expertos son los que presentan mejores indicadores y conductas relacionados con la salud. El proletario formal, el proletario informal y los supervisores básicos, en cambio, son los que presentan los peores indicadores de salud global, confirmando así que la clase social es un determinante clave en la generación de desigualdades en materia de salud de la población