Les mineurs devant le tribunal de première instance en Martinique (1937-1944) : enjeux et stratégies

Alors qu’en France l’historiographie sur la délinquance juvénile a connu une évolution significative, grâce aux concours de la société civile (AHES-PJM), mais également des travaux scientifiques (Henri Gaillac, 1970 ; Ludvine Bantigny, Élise Yvorel, 2007 ; Ivan Jablonka, 2009 ; Sophie Victorien, 2011 ; Jean-Jacques Yvorel, 2005, 2012), aux Antilles françaises cette question a été très peu abordée (Gaston-Jean Bouvenet, 1936) En nous appuyant sur la définition de Jean-Jacques Yvorel qui présente la délinquance juvénile comme une construction sociale, nous examinerons un registre tenu entre avril 1937 et juillet 1944 par le Président du tribunal de première instance de Fort-de-France. Ce registre renseigne sur les enjeux socio-économiques et stratégiques autour de la gestion de la délinquance juvénile durant deux périodes successives : la période de la fin d’entre-deux-guerres (1937-1939) et la période où la Martinique est placée sous l’autorité de l’amiral Robert, représentant du régime de Vichy (1940-1943). Il rend compte de la complexe interaction entre race, genre, classe et impératif du maintien de l’ordre dans un contexte colonial, au moment de rendre un jugement sur l’acte délictuel d’un mineur. Connaissant l’importance que revêtaient le contrôle social et le maintien de l’ordre pour les autorités coloniales, qui s’accrut sous le régime de Vichy, on peut s’interroger sur le choix du juge de paix : protéger la société ou amender et rééduquer les mineurs délinquants.While in France the historiography on juvenile delinquency has had a significant development, thanks to the contribution of civil societies such as AHES-PJM, but also thanks to academic work (Henri Gaillac, 1970; Elise Yvorel, 2007; Ludvine Bantigny, Ivan Jablonka, 2009; Sophie Victorien, 2011; Jean-Jacques Yvorel, 2012), in the French Antilles this issue has not been adressed so far, except for Gaston-Jean, Bouvenet, 1936. Relying on Jean-Jacques Yvorel’s definition of juvenile delinquency as a result of social construct, we will examine a register that was kept by the president of the Court of first instance in Fort-de-France. It gives information on the social and economic stakes and the strategies put in place for the management of juvenile delinquency during two successive periods: the end of the inter-war period (1937-1939) and the time when Martinique was placed under the authority of the Admiral Robert, the representative of the Vichy regime (1940-1943). This paper gives an account of the complex interaction between ethnicity, gender, class and the necessity of maintaining order within a colonial context when the judge had to take a decision regarding a youngster’s offense. Knowing the significance of social control and order for the colonial authorities, a necessity that was exacerbated under the Vichy regime, we may question the choice the judge made: protecting society from the juvenile delinquents or protecting and re-educating them

La violence domestique: Les enfants et les femmes autochtones

Article dans une collection encyclopédiquestated that Native American communities had been deeply influenced by the values of European settlers. Native women were traditionally revered for their abilities to give birth. i They also held leadership positions within some matrifocal and matrilineal societies. ii The same respect was bestowed upon the children, seen as the future of the tribes and instrumental to the transmission of its traditions. Therefore, children and women were equally treated with respect. In spite of the recognition of the significance of women and children for tribes, domestic violence is rampant in Native American communities. The complex response of the Judicial system towards these abuses can be explained by the large scope of definitions of domestic violence. Even though all states have a legislation that defines domestic violence, this definition varies as far as the range of victim-offender relationships allows. In some states domestic violence encompasses romantic relationship regardless of gender (except in Louisiana, Montana, North and South Carolina which exclude same sex relationship) and cohabitation status. Conversely others insist that domestic violence implies the private sphere of a couple who live or have previously lived together, or who share(d) a child. iii Those various perspectives imply a broad definition of domestic violence as: any act deemed dangerous, committed by a household member against another person in the household sharing romantic, legal or blood relationships, as domestic violence. It includes assault, battery, sexual abuse, stalking, and threats. Even though this broad definition implies the inclusion of the abuse of the elderly as a case of domestic violence, the focus will be on women and children. Besides the inclusion of child abuse as a case of domestic violence, each state has its own definition of child abuse and neglect that is based on minimum standards set by federal laws. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act amended in 1998 defines child abuse as: " any recent act or failure to act on the part of parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm ". iv To summarize the variety of definitions, we may define child abuse as: any conduct which intentionally or recklessly cause or attempt to cause physical injury, emotional distress or sexual abuse to a child. The first two parts examine the extent of domestic abuse in Native communities, and its complexity. The last two parts identify the elements responsible for the high rate of domestic violence in Native communities and the prevention and protection programs that are being developed

Protection des enfants autochtones aux Etats-Unis : souveraineté des tribus et autorité fédérale

Communication sur les concepts "d\u27oppression" et de "liberté" à travers les rapports ambigus des tribus autochtones et le gouvernement états-uniens, ainsi que leurs impacts sur la protection des enfants autochtones dans les années 50 à 70

Les retraits forcés: Le cas des enfants aborigènes d'Australie et des enfants autochtones d'Amérique du Nord

International audienceThis article analyses the way Australian and United States of America (USA) governments used the notion of the best interest of the child to remove Aboriginal and Native children respectively from their families and communities. Both governments relied on legal means to achieve the assimilation of children within the mainstream culture in order to annihilate Aboriginal and Native culture. On the one hand, the children were targeted because of their malleability and capacity for adaptation without influencing the mainstream culture. On the other hand, the chance of survival for their community was very thin without them. With regard to Australia, the process began as early as when the first settlements were established as Aboriginal women and children were kidnapped for economic and sexual exploitation. The protectorate system was thus established in the 1830s to assure their protection on reserved lands administered by a Chief Protector. In the case of the Native Americans, the assimilation policies were carried out with the boarding school system and the placements in white adoptive and foster homes. Both governments had shown the limit of their role as parens patriae when ethnic issues were at stake

Violences sexuelles dans la Caraïbe : recherches et méthodologies

Cette communication découle d\u27une recherche antérieure que Claire Palmiste a mené sur les violences domestiques à la Dominique. En raison des statistiques peu nombreuses, elle s\u27est ensuite demandé pour quelles raisons est-il si difficile de trouver des recherches sur la violence dans la Caraïbe

Les retraits forcés: Le cas des enfants aborigènes d'Australie et des enfants autochtones d'Amérique du Nord

International audienceThis article analyses the way Australian and United States of America (USA) governments used the notion of the best interest of the child to remove Aboriginal and Native children respectively from their families and communities. Both governments relied on legal means to achieve the assimilation of children within the mainstream culture in order to annihilate Aboriginal and Native culture. On the one hand, the children were targeted because of their malleability and capacity for adaptation without influencing the mainstream culture. On the other hand, the chance of survival for their community was very thin without them. With regard to Australia, the process began as early as when the first settlements were established as Aboriginal women and children were kidnapped for economic and sexual exploitation. The protectorate system was thus established in the 1830s to assure their protection on reserved lands administered by a Chief Protector. In the case of the Native Americans, the assimilation policies were carried out with the boarding school system and the placements in white adoptive and foster homes. Both governments had shown the limit of their role as parens patriae when ethnic issues were at stake

Les représentations sociales de l\u27enfance inadaptée sociale et scolaire à la Martinique de 1946 à nos jours

Marie-Dominique Cidalise-Montaise, Professeure certifiée d\u27histoire et de géographie, explique que l\u27hérédité, la condition sociale difficile, la déficience intellectuelle seraient d\u27après les études effectuées au 19ème siècle et jusqu\u27au début du 20ème siècle des facteurs d\u27inadaptation et d\u27échec pour certains enfants. A la Martinique au lendemain de la Départementalisation les conséquences des représentations négatives de certains groupes d\u27individus se traduisent en préjugés de race et de milieux et les difficultés d\u27existence de ce groupe social et leur inadaptation ne sont pas inhérentes à l\u27enfance mais dues à un environnement social, politique et économique difficile de la Martinique en 1950. Aujourd\u27hui il existe toujours à la Martinique une enfance en difficulté sociale et scolaire. Si tous les inadaptés scolaires ne deviennent pas délinquants et que si tous les délinquants n\u27ont pas été des inadaptés scolaires il n\u27en existe pas moins un nombre considérable de sujets marqués par l\u27inadaptation sociale et scolaire avant de l\u27être par la délinquance et ses conséquences. Il s\u27agit de saisir dans une perspective unique ces différents types d\u27inadaptations et de mettre en évidence les rapports existant entre eux

Peuples amérindiens de Guyane et peuples autochtones des Etats-Unis d\u27Amérique : stratégies des associations de protection de l\u27environnement et revendications identitaires

Claire Palmiste propose une comparaison des mouvements de défense de l\u27environnement menés par les peuples autochtones des Etats-Unis et les peuples amérindiens de Guyane française

Les mineurs devant le tribunal de première instance en Martinique (1937-1944) : enjeux et stratégies

International audienceWhile in France the historiography on juvenile delinquency has had a significant development, thanks to the contribution of civil societies such as AHES-PJM, but also thanks to academic work (Henri Gaillac, 1970; Elise Yvorel, 2007; Ludvine Bantigny, Ivan Jablonka, 2009; Sophie Victorien, 2011; Jean-Jacques Yvorel, 2012), in the French Antilles this issue has not been adressed so far, except for Gaston-Jean, Bouvenet, 1936.Relying on Jean-Jacques Yvorel’s definition of juvenile delinquency as a result of social construct, we will examine a register that was kept by the president of the Court of first instance in Fort-de-France. It gives information on the social and economic stakes and the strategies put in place for the management of juvenile delinquency during two successive periods: the end of the inter-war period (1937-1939) and the time when Martinique was placed under the authority of the Admiral Robert, the representative of the Vichy regime (1940-1943).This paper gives an account of the complex interaction between ethnicity, gender, class and the necessity of maintaining order within a colonial context when the judge had to take a decision regarding a youngster’s offense. Knowing the significance of social control and order for the colonial authorities, a necessity that was exacerbated under the Vichy regime, we may question the choice the judge made: protecting society from the juvenile delinquents or protecting and re-educating them.Alors qu’en France l’historiographie sur la délinquance juvénile a connu une évolution significative, grâce aux concours de la société civile (AHES-PJM), mais également des travaux scientifiques (Henri Gaillac, 1970 ; Ludvine Bantigny, Élise Yvorel, 2007 ; Ivan Jablonka, 2009 ; Sophie Victorien, 2011 ; Jean-Jacques Yvorel, 2005, 2012), aux Antilles françaises cette question a été très peu abordée (Gaston-Jean Bouvenet, 1936)En nous appuyant sur la définition de Jean-Jacques Yvorel qui présente la délinquance juvénile comme une construction sociale, nous examinerons un registre tenu entre avril 1937 et juillet 1944 par le Président du tribunal de première instance de Fort-de-France. Ce registre renseigne sur les enjeux socio-économiques et stratégiques autour de la gestion de la délinquance juvénile durant deux périodes successives : la période de la fin d’entre-deux-guerres (1937-1939) et la période où la Martinique est placée sous l’autorité de l’amiral Robert, représentant du régime de Vichy (1940-1943).Il rend compte de la complexe interaction entre race, genre, classe et impératif du maintien de l’ordre dans un contexte colonial, au moment de rendre un jugement sur l’acte délictuel d’un mineur. Connaissant l’importance que revêtaient le contrôle social et le maintien de l’ordre pour les autorités coloniales, qui s’accrut sous le régime de Vichy, on peut s’interroger sur le choix du juge de paix : protéger la société ou amender et rééduquer les mineurs délinquants

Subverting the principle of equality: the transracial adoption of Native children into white families in the USA

The adoptive placement of Native American children in white families exemplifies the ambivalent stance of the U.S. government. While officially endeavoring to treat Native children like mainstream children, it created conditions to estrange them from their tribes, biological families, and cultures. A qualitative study carried out between 2007 and 2009 about Native Americans who experienced transracial adoption and the obstacles to reunite with their original communities highlights the idea that equality can be a double-edged notion when applied to Native Americans