ROLE OF HERBAL PLANTS IN THE DIABETES MELLITUS THERAPY: AN OVERVIEW

Diabetes mellitus has been recognized as a growing worldwide epidemic by much health's advocacy group. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that diabetes will be one of the world leading causes of death and disability with next quarter century.There are a unit Associate in nursing calculable 143 million folks within the world with diabetes and this variety will most likely double by the year 2030. Oral hypoglycaemic agents like sulphonylureas and biguanides are still the major players in the management of the disease but there is growing interest in herbal remedies due to the side effects associated with the oral hypoglycemic agents. Herbal medicines have been highly esteemed source of medicine throughout the human history. They are widely used today indicating that herbs are a growing part of modern high-tech medicine.In recent times, there has been a revived interest within the plant remedies. In this review article an attempt has been made to focus on hypoglyceamic plants and may be useful to the health professionals, scientists and scholars working in the field of pharmacology & therapeutics to develop evidence based alternative medicine to cure different kinds of diabetes in man and animals. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin, Hypoglycaemic agents, Herbal treatment

PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANALGESIC AND ANTIPYRETIC EFFECTS OF GYNOCARDIA ODORATA ROXB IN ANIMAL MODELS

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to study the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties of methanol extract of Gynocardia odorata roxb (MEGO) in rats and mice. Methods: The plant material was extracted with methanol. Dose of 200, 400 mg/kg of each extracts were used in carrageenan-induced paw oedema, cotton-pellet granuloma in rats, writhing nociception in mice, and yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats. Results: All compounds reduced paw oedema into the control group at 5 h post carrageenan injection. The methanol extract of G. odorata roxb were similar to phenylbutazone in reduction of paw oedema and cotton-pellet granuloma. The extract as well as paracetamol induced antinociception in writhing test in comparison to control. Positive results for flavanoids and phenolic compounds were investigated by phytochemical analysis of the extract. The higher antinociception effects of the extract might be due to the presence of flavanoids, and phenol compounds. The methanol extract produced a significant dose dependent inhibition of temperature elevation. Conclusion: These data suggest that the extract of G. odorata roxb produce antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities that could be due to the effect of one or a combination of the bio active components in each extract

IN VITRO HYPOGLYCEMIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CUCUMIS CALLOSUS (ROTTL.) COGN. FRUIT

ABSTRACTObjective: This research investigated in vitro hypoglycemic and antimicrobial activity of methanolic fruit extract of Cucumis callosus (MECC) (Rottl.)cogn.Methods: The in vitro antidiabetic ability of MECC was evaluated by inhibition studies of the digestive enzymes including α-amylase and α-glycosidase.The antimicrobial activity of extract was further evaluated against 21 laboratory strains belongs to 8 bacterial species and 4 fungal species using cupplateagardiffusion assayand agardilution assay.Results: Our assay result suggested that the MECC exhibited dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibitory activity on α-glycosidase(IC50 405.37 µg/ml) and α-amylase enzymes (IC721.55 µg/ml). The results of antimicrobial activity also showed that the extract inhibited the growthof 13 strains of 7 bacterial species and all fungal species.50 Conclusion: The observed inhibitions of α-amylase and α-glycosidase and inhibition of some microbial species suggested that the MECC may be usefulin the management of diabetes mellitus and treatment of some infectious diseases.Keywords: Cucumis callosus, Diabetes, α-amylase, α-glycosidase, Antimicrobial

ANTICANCER AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF HIPPOPHAE SALICIFOLIA IN EAC INDUCED SWISS ALBINO MICE

Objective: Anticancer activity of methanol extract of Hippophae salicifolia (MEHS) bark was evaluated using the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells on Swiss albino mice.Methods: In vitro cytotoxicity assay has been evaluated by using the trypan blue and MTT assay method. The determination of in vivo anticancer activity was performed using EAC cells (2 × 106) induced mice groups (n = 12). After treatment with MEHS at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg b. w. respectively for 9 days, half of the mice of each group were sacrificed and the rest were kept for increase in life span determination. The anticancer potential of MEHS was assessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, tumor weight, hematological parameters and biochemical estimations. Furthermore, tissue antioxidant parameters were checked from liver homogenate.Results: In MEHS treated groups (50 and 100 mg/kg b. w.) tumor volume, tumor weight, viable cell count was significantly decreased as compared to that of the EAC control group. Life span increased by 34% and 43% in a dose dependant manner as compared to EAC control group. The hematological, biochemical and liver tissue antioxidant parameter are significantly (p < 0.05) restored towards the normal level after treatment with MEHS.Conclusion: From the above study it can be concluded that the MEHS has significant anticancer activity in the dose dependent manner

ANTI PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF CALAMUS ROTANG AS A SPOTLIGHT ON EHRLICH'S ASCITES CARCINOMA TREATED PERITONEAL AS WELL AS SOLID TUMOR MODEL

Objective: Methanol extract of Calamus rotang (MECR) root was appraised as a spotlight for the candidate of anticancer activity through the vehicle (Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma) on Swiss albino mice.Methods: In vitro cytotoxicity assay has been accessed by trypan blue and MTT assay. In vivo anticancer activity was done using EAC cells (2 × 106) where in each groups mice were 6. After treatment with MECR at the lower dose of 200 and higher dose of 400 mg/kg respectively for 9 d, half of the mice of each group were sacrificed and the rest were kept to check prolongation of life span. The anticancer potential of MECR was evaluated by tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, tumor weight, hematological parameters, biochemical estimations and Furthermore, tissue antioxidant parameters. Besides, solid tumor activity was also inspected.Results: In MECR treated groups (200 and 400 mg/kg) tumor volume, packed cell volume and viable cell count was significantly lessened as compared to that of the EAC control group. Life span, most reliable criteria for anticancer study, increased quite surprisingly by 50% and 100% in a dose dependant manner while compared to EAC control group. The hematological, biochemical and liver tissue antioxidant parameter are significantly (p<0.05) restored along with solid tumor case study (solid tumor volume) towards the normal level after treatment with MECR.Conclusion: From the above study it can be inferred that the MECR has impressive anticancer activity in dose dependent way

EVALUATION OF ANTI CANCER POTENTIAL OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF CURCUMA ZEDOARIA.

Objective: Evaluation of anti cancer activity of methanol extracts of Curcuma zedoaria against Ehrlich's ascities carcinoma (EAC) cell line in Swiss albino mice. Method: In vitro cytotoxicity assay has been evaluated by using the trypan blue and MTT assay method. In vivo anti cancer activity was performed by using EAC cells induced mice groups (n=12), at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. respectively, half of the mice were sacrificed and the restwere kept alive for life span parameter. The anti cancer potential of MECZ was assessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumorcell count, tumor weight, hematological parameters and biochemical estimations. Furthermore, antioxidant parameters were assayed by estimatingliver tissue enzymes. Result: Dose dependent cytotoxicity was observed in (* p < 0.05) Trypan blue and MTT assay method. In vivo anti cancer parameters like tumorvolume, tumor weight, and viable cell count were decreased compared to the EAC control group. MECZ treated EAC cell–bearing mice had anincreased life span to that of EAC control group. Hematological and serum biochemical profiles were restored to normal levels in MECZ-treated micecompared to the EAC control group. Among the tissue parameters lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione,superoxide dismutase, and catalasetoward normal levels compared to the EAC control group. In short, Conclusion: MECZ exhibited remarkable antitumor activity in Swiss albino mice, which is attributed to its augmentation of endogenous antioxidantactivities and cytotoxic nature. Keywords: Curcuma zedoaria, Zingiberaceae, EAC cell line, antitumor activity, 5-Flurouraci

EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CYPERUS KYLLINGIA ENDL. IN EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA-INDUCED SWISS ALBINO MICE

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antitumor and antioxidant status of ethanolic extract of Cyperus kyllingia Endl. on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-treated mice.Methods: The determination of in vivo antitumor activity was performed using EAC cells inoculated mice groups (n=12). The groups were treated for 9 consecutive days with ethanolic extract of C. kyllingia (EECK) at the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg b.w., respectively. After 24 h of the last dose, half of the mice were sacrificed and the rest were kept alive for assessment of increase in life span. The antitumor potential of EECK was assessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and non-viable tumor cell count, tumor weight, hematological parameters, and biochemical estimations. Furthermore, antioxidant parameters were assayed by estimating liver tissue enzymes.Results: EECK showed direct cytotoxicity on EAC cell line in a dose-dependent manner. EECK exhibited significant (p<0.05) decrease in the tumor volume, viable cell count, tumor weight, and elevated the life span of EAC tumor-bearing mice. The hematological profile, biochemical estimations, and tissue antioxidant assay were reverted to normal level in EECK-treated mice.Conclusion: Experimental results revealed that EECK possesses potent antitumor and antioxidant properties. Further, research is going on to find out the active principle(s) of EECK for better understanding of mechanism of its antitumor and antioxidant activity

Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & H. Rob. Standardized leaf extract as an antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes: An in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Type 2 diabetes has become one of the major health concerns of the 21st century, marked by hyperglycemia or glycosuria, and is associated with the development of several secondary health complications. Due to the fact that chemically synthesized drugs lead to several inevitable side effects, new antidiabetic medications from plants have gained substantial attention. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic capacity of the Ageratina adenophora hydroalcoholic (AAHY) extract in streptozotocin–nicotinamide (STZ–NA)-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats. The rats were segregated randomly into five groups with six rats each. Group I was normal control, and the other four groups were STZ–NA-induced. Group II was designated diabetic control, and group III, IV, and V received metformin (150 mg/kg b.w.) and AAHY extract (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose, serum biochemicals, liver and kidney antioxidant parameters, and pancreatic histopathology were observed after the experimental design. The study concludes that the AAHY extract has a significant blood glucose lowering capacity on normoglycemic (87.01 ± 0.54 to 57.21 ± 0.31), diabetic (324 ± 2.94 to 93 ± 2.04), and oral glucose-loaded (117.75 ± 3.35 to 92.75 ± 2.09) Wistar albino rats. The in vitro studies show that the AAHY extract has α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities which can restore the altered blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, body weight, and serum enzymes such as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, total protein, urea, and creatinine levels close to the normal range in the treated STZ–NA-induced diabetic rats. The evaluation of these serum biochemicals is crucial for monitoring the diabetic condition. The AAHY extract has significantly enhanced tissue antioxidant parameters, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and lipid peroxidation, close to normal levels. The presence of high-quantity chlorogenic (6.47% w/w) and caffeic (3.28% w/w) acids as some of the major phytoconstituents may contribute to the improvement of insulin resistance and oxidative stress. The study provides scientific support for the utilization of A. adenophora to treat type 2 diabetes in the STZ–NA-induced diabetic rat model. Although the preventive role of the AAHY extract in treating Wistar albino rat models against type 2 diabetes mellitus is undeniable, further elaborative research is required for efficacy and safety assessment in human beings