EurOP2E – the European Open Platform for Prescribing Education, a consensus study among clinical pharmacology and therapeutics teachers

Purpose Sharing and developing digital educational resources and open educational resources has been proposed as a way to harmonize and improve clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education in European medical schools. Previous research, however, has shown that there are barriers to the adoption and implementation of open educational resources. The aim of this study was to determine perceived opportunities and barriers to the use and creation of open educational resources among European CPT teachers and possible solutions for these barriers. Methods CPT teachers of British and EU medical schools completed an online survey. Opportunities and challenges were identified by thematic analyses and subsequently discussed in an international consensus meeting. Results Data from 99 CPT teachers from 95 medical schools were analysed. Thirty teachers (30.3%) shared or collaboratively produced digital educational resources. All teachers foresaw opportunities in the more active use of open educational resources, including improving the quality of their teaching. The challenges reported were language barriers, local differences, lack of time, technological issues, difficulties with quality management, and copyright restrictions. Practical solutions for these challenges were discussed and include a peer review system, clear indexing, and use of copyright licenses that permit adaptation of resources. Conclusion Key challenges to making greater use of CPT open educational resources are a limited applicability of such resources due to language and local differences and quality concerns. These challenges may be resolved by relatively simple measures, such as allowing adaptation and translation of resources and a peer review system

The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is induced in the mouse brain in response to peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide and superantigen

International audienc

Conditioned taste aversion with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan does not activate cytokine gene expression in the spleen and hypothalamu of mice

International audienc

Systemic inflammation switches the inflammatory cytokine profile in CNS Wallerian degeneration

Axon loss in the CNS is characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases but the mechanisms of axon degeneration are poorly understood. In particular, we know little of the inflammatory response triggered by CNS axon degeneration with comparison to that provoked by death of the neuronal cell body. We show that Wallerian degeneration of the mouse optic nerve induces transcription of TGF-?1 and TNF-?, but not pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1? and IL-6 and microglial activation. This atypical inflammatory response resembles macrophages that have phagocytosed apoptotic cells and prion-infected CNS. Significantly, peripheral endotoxin challenge after injury switched this profile by inducing IL-1?, IL-6 transcripts, other inflammation-associated products and reducing neurofilament immunoreactivity. We propose that microglia are activated by Wallerian degeneration and persist in an atypical but “primed” state and can be switched by systemic inflammation to provoke a classical pro-inflammatory profile with potentially deleterious consequences

Interleukine-1beta mediates the memory impairment associated with a delayed type hypersensitivity response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin in the rat hippocampus

International audienc

Rat microglial cells secrete predominantly the precursor of interleukin-1beta in response to lipopolysaccharide

International audienc

Production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist isoforms by microglia in mixed rat glial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide

International audienc

Characterization of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist isoform expression in the brain of lipopolysaccharide-treated rats

International audienc

Production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist isoforms by microglia in mixed rat glial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide

International audienc

Influence of the course of brain inflammation on the endogenous IL-1beta/IL-1Ra balance in the model of brain delayed-type hypersensitivity response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Lewis rats

International audienc