Quality parameters of pink pepper seeds as sustainability indicators

The poor management and marketing of rose pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) in São Pedro D’Aldeia - RJ called the local governments’ attention to adopt measures that favor the value chain, increase income, train rural producers, and launch the first Simplified Forest Management Plan. All of this, to authorize the sustainable management of this species. This study aimed to evaluate the quality parameters of pink pepper as sustainability indicators. The following was measured: the moisture content, purity, uniformity in the sieve, and the weight of one thousand seeds in samples obtained from three different batches. The germination test was only carried out for samples from lot 3. The results showed that the high moisture content of the seeds (22.99%) has a negative effect on their quality, facilitating the action of spoilage organisms. The degree of purity was satisfactory (97.1%). The seeds from lot 1 were larger and more uniform than the seeds from lots 2 and 3. Only lot 1 presented the weight of seeds compatible with that required by MAPA. The germination rate was 72%, which did not vary between seeds of different sizes. The settlement’s extractive activity is moving towards sustainability, which can be improved by incorporating good seed collection, processing and storage practices

Physiological quality of pink pepper seeds (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi.) as a function of storage

Seeds of native forest species for food and seedling production have a growing demand that impacts the need for studies involving seed storage in order to maintain good levels of germination quality. Thus, scientific analyzes that explore the physiological potential of the seeds of these species are necessary, especially for the pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi.), a species used as an alternative source of income for traditional communities and which has been arousing interest due to the consumption of its fruits as a condiment in the national and international market. This work aimed to assess the physiological quality of pink pepper seeds according to the storage period and seed size. The seeds came from a rural settlement, a pioneer in the extraction of pink pepper, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The seeds were evaluated for moisture content, germination, first count, length and dry weight of the germinated seedlings, during the period of time that they remained stored and the size of the seeds. The results allowed to conclude that: i) the germinative percentage of the stored pink pepper seeds decreased over the months; ii) the moisture content of the seeds decreased over the months evaluated iii) the different sizes of seeds did not show differences in germination and storage time and iv) values of length and dry weight of the seedlings did not differ according to the period of storage

SURFACE EVALUATION OF THE HEAT TREATED WOOD OF Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden

O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a qualidade da superf\uedcie usinada da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis , submetida ao processo de tratamento t\ue9rmico. As opera\ue7\uf5es de usinagens realizadas nas t\ue1buas obtidas a partir do processamento de mec\ue2nico de seis \ue1rvores foram: desempeno, desengrosso, rasgo na furadeira horizontal, fura\ue7\ue3o, fura\ue7\ue3o para dobradi\ue7a e lixamento. Foram selecionadas 208 t\ue1buas de 125 x 25 x 500 mm, sendo 104 n\ue3o tratadas e 104 tratadas termicamente a uma temperatura final de 190\ub0C. A avalia\ue7\ue3o da superf\uedcie foi feita de acordo com a norma ASTM D-1666/87. O resultado mostrou que a madeira de Eucalyptus grandis apresenta um bom comportamento durante os testes de usinagem, obtendo notas 1 e 2 (excelente e bom), exceto para os testes de fura\ue7\ue3o para a dobradi\ue7a no furo passante e fura\ue7\ue3o com broca de 12, 8 e 6 mm, pois alcan\ue7aram notas entre 2 e 4 (bom, regular e ruim). O tratamento t\ue9rmico diminuiu a quantidade de defeitos nas amostras usinadas, com exce\ue7\ue3o para o defeito gr\ue3 arrancada, em algumas opera\ue7\uf5es de usinagem.The objective of this study was to study the machined surface quality of Eucalyptus grandis wood submitted to heat treatment. The machining operations realized on the boards obtained from the processing of six trees were: planing, thicknessing, tear in horizontal drilling, drilling, drilling hinge and sanding. 208 boards of 125 x 25 x 500 mm were selected, with 104 untreated and 104 heat-treated boards at maximum temperature of 190\ub0C. The evaluation of the surface was performed according to ASTM D-1666/87 standard. The result showed that the Eucalyptus grandis wood presents a good behavior during the machining tests, obtaining notes 1 and 2 (excellent and good), except for drilling hinge test in the bolt hole and drilling with 12, 8, 6 mm, reaching notes between 2 and 4 (good, regular and bad). The heat treatment reduced the number of defects on the machined samples, except for torn grain in some machining operations

AVALIAÇÃO DA SUPERFÍCIE DA MADEIRA DE Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden TRATADA TERMICAMENTE

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509817472The objective of this study was to study the machined surface quality of Eucalyptus grandis wood submitted to heat treatment. The machining operations realized on the boards obtained from the processing of six trees were: planing, thicknessing, tear in horizontal drilling, drilling, drilling hinge and sanding. 208 boards of 125 x 25 x 500 mm were selected, with 104 untreated and 104 heat-treated boards at maximum temperature of 190ºC. The evaluation of the surface was performed according to ASTM D-1666/87 standard. The result showed that the Eucalyptus grandis wood presents a good behavior during the machining tests, obtaining notes 1 and 2 (excellent and good), except for drilling hinge test in the bolt hole and drilling with 12, 8, 6 mm, reaching notes between 2 and 4 (good, regular and bad). The heat treatment reduced the number of defects on the machined samples, except for torn grain in some machining operations.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509817472O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a qualidade da superfície usinada da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, submetida ao processo de tratamento térmico. As operações de usinagens realizadas nas tábuas obtidas a partir do processamento de mecânico de seis árvores foram: desempeno, desengrosso, rasgo na furadeira horizontal, furação, furação para dobradiça e lixamento. Foram selecionadas 208 tábuas de 125 x 25 x 500 mm, sendo 104 não tratadas e 104 tratadas termicamente a uma temperatura final de 190ºC. A avaliação da superfície foi feita de acordo com a norma ASTM D-1666/87. O resultado mostrou que a madeira de Eucalyptus grandis apresenta um bom comportamento durante os testes de usinagem, obtendo notas 1 e 2 (excelente e bom), exceto para os testes de furação para a dobradiça no furo passante e furação com broca de 12, 8 e 6 mm, pois alcançaram notas entre 2 e 4 (bom, regular e ruim). O tratamento térmico diminuiu a quantidade de defeitos nas amostras usinadas, com exceção para o defeito grã arrancada, em algumas operações de usinagem

Surface roughness of heat treated Eucalyptus grandis wood

This study aimed to evaluate surface roughness of heat treated Eucalyptus grandis wood after peripheral planning and sanding performed in directions to the grain and against the grain. For machining tests, workpieces were collected from two different regions in the radial direction, as follows: internal, nearby the pit; external, nearby the bark. Heat treatment was carried out by heating samples at a maximum temperature of 190ºC, with total treatment duration of 390 minutes. Heat treated and control samples underwent peripheral planning and sanding tests. The quality of machined surfaces was assessed by means of roughness average (Ra) measurements across and along the grain orientation. Results indicated significant differences in surface roughness as a function of machining feed direction, sandpaper grit size, and heat treatment. Surface roughness has not shown any difference in the radial direction

Quality parameters of pink pepper seeds as sustainability indicators

The poor management and marketing of rose pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) in São Pedro D’Aldeia - RJ called the local governments’ attention to adopt measures that favor the value chain, increase income, train rural producers, and launch the first Simplified Forest Management Plan. All of this, to authorize the sustainable management of this species. This study aimed to evaluate the quality parameters of pink pepper as sustainability indicators. The following was measured: the moisture content, purity, uniformity in the sieve, and the weight of one thousand seeds in samples obtained from three different batches. The germination test was only carried out for samples from lot 3. The results showed that the high moisture content of the seeds (22.99%) has a negative effect on their quality, facilitating the action of spoilage organisms. The degree of purity was satisfactory (97.1%). The seeds from lot 1 were larger and more uniform than the seeds from lots 2 and 3. Only lot 1 presented the weight of seeds compatible with that required by MAPA. The germination rate was 72%, which did not vary between seeds of different sizes. The settlement’s extractive activity is moving towards sustainability, which can be improved by incorporating good seed collection, processing and storage practices

Physiological quality of pink pepper seeds (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi.) as a function of storage

Seeds of native forest species for food and seedling production have a growing demand that impacts the need for studies involving seed storage in order to maintain good levels of germination quality. Thus, scientific analyzes that explore the physiological potential of the seeds of these species are necessary, especially for the pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi.), a species used as an alternative source of income for traditional communities and which has been arousing interest due to the consumption of its fruits as a condiment in the national and international market. This work aimed to assess the physiological quality of pink pepper seeds according to the storage period and seed size. The seeds came from a rural settlement, a pioneer in the extraction of pink pepper, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The seeds were evaluated for moisture content, germination, first count, length and dry weight of the germinated seedlings, during the period of time that they remained stored and the size of the seeds. The results allowed to conclude that: i) the germinative percentage of the stored pink pepper seeds decreased over the months; ii) the moisture content of the seeds decreased over the months evaluated iii) the different sizes of seeds did not show differences in germination and storage time and iv) values of length and dry weight of the seedlings did not differ according to the period of storage.Las semillas de especies forestales nativas para la producción de plántulas y alimentos tienen una demanda creciente que impacta la necesidad de estudios que involucren el almacenamiento de semillas para mantener buenos niveles de calidad de germinación. Así, son necesarios análisis científicos que exploren el potencial fisiológico de las semillas de estas especies, especialmente para la pimienta-rosa (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi), especie utilizada como fuente alternativa de ingresos para las comunidades tradicionales y que ha despertado interés por la consumo de sus frutos como condimento en el mercado nacional e internacional. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad fisiológica de las semillas de pimienta-rosa según el período de almacenamiento y el tamaño de la semilla. Las semillas provienen de un asentamiento rural, pionero en la extracción de pimienta rosa, en el estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Las semillas fueron evaluadas por contenido de humedad, germinación, primer conteo, longitud y peso seco de las plántulas germinadas, durante el período de tiempo que permanecieron almacenadas y el tamaño de las semillas. Los resultados permitieron concluir que: i) el porcentaje germinativo de las semillas de pimienta-rosa almacenadas disminuyó a lo largo de los meses; ii) el contenido de humedad disminuyó durante los meses evaluados; iii) los diferentes tamaños de semilla no mostraron diferencias en la germinación y el tiempo de almacenamiento y iv) los valores de longitud y peso seco de las plántulas no difirieron según el período de almacenamiento

Delimitação entre os lenhos juvenil e adulto de Pinus elliottii engelm Delimitation the juvenile and mature wood of Pinus elliottii engelm

Durante o crescimento, as árvores produzem diferentes tipos de tecido lenhoso. O xilema produzido nos primeiros anos até certa idade cambial é denominado lenho juvenil e apresenta propriedades físicas, mecânicas, químicas e anatômicas diferentes do xilema produzido após certa idade cambial, isto é, quando as células do câmbio já amadureceram. Dessa forma, um prévio conhecimento sobre a qualidade da matéria-prima produzida é de fundamental importância para melhor aplicabilidade do material. Com base nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou, a partir de dados de comprimento de traqueídeos e densidade da madeira, delimitar a idade de transição entre os lenhos juvenil e adulto. Para isso, coletaram-se três árvores de Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm., com 35 anos de idade, provenientes da Estação Experimental de Itapetininga, localizada em São Paulo, Brasil. De cada árvore, retiraram-se discos de aproximadamente 5 cm de espessura, extraídos a 0,05 m do solo, que foram utilizados para determinação radial da densidade pelo método de atenuação da radiação gama e comprimento dos traqueídeos. Os resultados da análise de regressão linear indicaram que o lenho juvenil está limitado aos sete primeiros anos de crescimento da árvore e o lenho adulto é formado após os 20 anos de idade. No lenho adulto há diferenças significativas entre as idades médias obtidas através do comprimento dos traqueídeos e da densidade da madeira.Trees produce different types of woody tissue during growth. The xylem produced in the first years until a certain cambial age is called juvenile wood and has different physical, mechanical, chemical and anatomical characteristics from that produced later, when the cambial cells have matured. Thus, prior knowledge of the quality of the wood is of fundamental importance for choosing the best use of the material. This work aimed at using data from length of the tracheid and wood density to define the age transition from juvenile to mature wood. For this, three Pinus elliottii var.elliottii trees, aged 35 years, were collected at the Itapetininga Experimental Station, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. From each tree, disks of about 5 cm thick were obtained 0.05 m above the ground and used to determine the radial density by the gamma ray attenuation method and to measure the length of the tracheids. The results obtained by linear regression analysis showed that juvenile wood is limited to the first seven years of tree growth and the formation of mature wood occurs after twenty years. For the mature wood, there are significant differences among the averages obtained from the tracheid length and wood density