The Effect of Training Type on The Signaling P athway of Ceramide-Dependent Insulin Resistance in The Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effect of different physical training on the mechanism of ceramidedependentinsulin resistance in the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle of diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 7 healthy as a healthy control (HC) group, and 21 diabetics (55 mg/kg Streptozotocin) Wistar rats (200-220 g; 8-10 weeks old) divided into the diabetic control (DC), moderate continuoustraining (MCT), and moderate intensity interval training (MIIT) groups. Both MCT (55-70% of maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max), and MIIT (85% VO2max) groups trained for 10-25 minutes at a speed of 10-20 m/minutes. The changes inthe expression of blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile and total ceramide were measured as well asceramide synthase-1, Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), Protein kinase B known as Akt, phosphorylated proteinkinase B known as pAkt, protein kinase C (PKC), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα).Results: Blood glucose, triglyceride (TG) and ceramide synthase-1 (CS1) expression levels in the MCT groupdecreased in comparison with the DC group. FHL protein expression of GLUT4 in the MCT group was higher than theDC group. FHL expression of GLUT4, pAKT, AKT/pAKT, PKC, CS1 and total ceramide in the MIIT group were higherthan the DC group. Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), TG, and TNF-α protein expression in the MIIT groupwere lower than the DC group. GLUT4, PKC, pAKT, AKT/pAKT in the MIIT group were higher, and total ceramide andTNF-α were lower in the MIIT group than the MCT group.Conclusion: It seems that both training plan MIIT and MCT have favorable effects on the metabolism of glucose,insulin, lipids, and the decrease of TNFα level in the diabetes, but in connection with the improvement of the ceramidesmechanism, it seems that the MIIT training plan is more optimal than MCT training plan

Effects of task design on EFL learners' written language performance

Task structure as a task characteristic is believed to have a considerable effect on task performance in terms of accuracy, fluency and complexity. Studies in the literature focused on investigating task structure impact on oral out-put; however, this study examines how written task performance is affected by task structure. Thirty two EFL learners were selected for data collection. Each participant, then, narrated two tasks which differed with regard to their inherent structure (tight vs. loose). Collected data were coded and checked for measuring their accuracy, fluency and complexity. Findings of the statistical analysis revealed that structured tasks produced more fluent and complex performances while accuracy remained unaffected. Results have practical implications for language teaching, research and syllabus design