Seasonal and sexual variations of fatty acid composition in fillet of Capoeta erhani

The lowest lipid levels of Capoeta erhani observed in winter and vice versa in summer. The fatty acid composition of the fillets was significantly different among seasons (P0.05). The ratios of the unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) were higher than half of the total fatty acids among all seasons. The level of PUFA was highest in autumn (25.91%), and lowest in summer (22.11%). Among seasons and sexes, the levels of total n3 PUFAs in total fatty acids changed from 15.43% to 21.89% and n6 PUFAs from 3.8% to 7.97%, respectively. The level of n3 PUFAs was present in excess that of the n6 PUFAs. The ratios of the n3 PUFAs to n6 PUFAs in the fillets of C. erhani were highest in autumn for both sexes and remarkably influenced by seasons

Use of Natural Zeolite for Ammonia Removal during Simulated Transport of Live Juvenile Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of zeolites on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal during a 24-hour-sea bass transport. Five experimental treatments (0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/l zeolite) with 3 replications were applied in 14 l plastic tanks. 90 sea bass (total weight 175.07 ± 0.49 g) were stocked in each tank. The zeolites were placed in mesh bags and renewed 8 and 16 hours (h) after the commencement of transfer. TAN contents of tank waters were measured after 8, 16 and 24 h. The results revealed that at the 8th h, 20, 30 and 40 g/l zeolite doses were significantly effective compared with the control. At the 16th and 24th h the lowest zeolite level (10 g/l) was also effective in TAN removal. In general highest TAN removal was achieved with 40 g/l treatment with efficiencies of 18.33%, 34.08% and 20.96% at the 8th, 16th and 24th h respectively. Overall, the results suggest that the use of zeolite in sea bass transportation could bring remarkable benefits and thereby increase fish transportation density and welfare

Microscopic evaluation of the thickness and structure of the cement and cement-dentin interdiffusion zone after luting posts with three different luting cements

Clinical studies report that failures of fiber post cementation occur mainly at the cement-dentin interface. The aim of this in vitro study is to compare the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) evaluations of the cement thicknesses in the root canals and the thickness of cement-dentin interface zones obtained after luting standardized glass-fiber posts with three different types of luting cements. Thirty single-rooted mandibular premolars of similar sizes were prepared for post insertion after biomechanical preparation and obturation. They were divided into three groups containing 10 samples each. Standardized glass-fiber posts were cemented with zinc phosphate cement for ZNP group, with conventional adhesive resin cement for CAR group, and with self-adhesive resin cement for SAR group. The formation and thickness of cement and cement-dentin interface zone were evaluated by stereomicroscope and SEM using x800 magnification, and the data were analyzed. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of cement thickness (p=0.835); however, there were significant differences among the cement layer thicknesses measured at the three examined levels of the root canals (p=0.000). The groups using conventional adhesive resin cement presented longer micromechanical interlocking while the groups using self-adhesive resin cement showed wide gaps and zinc phosphate cement showed no bonding between cement-dentin interdiffusion zones along the root canal. As a clinical consequence, the use of zinc phosphate cement may not provide strong bond between dentin-cement interface. Conventional adhesive resin cements showed reliable bond to dentin when compared to zinc phosphate and self-adhesive resin cement

Dietary Protein Requirements of Zebrafish (Dania rerio)

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) with an initial weight of 88.61±0.82 mg were fed eight isoenergetic diets containing dietary protein levels ranging from 20 to 55 % by 5 % increments. Each diet was feed in triplicate of fish for 6 weeks. Specific growth rates (SGR) at week 2 and 4 were quadratically affected by the treatments but this trend disappeared at the end of the experiment. Dietary protein levels linearly reduced the values of daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency rate. The whole body dry matter, ash and lipid concentrations linearly decreased with dietary protein levels whereas whole body protein was quadratically affected. The second order polynomial and two break point linear models (TBPLM) were used to estimate dietary protein requirements. The later model generated lower residual sum of squares when SGRWeek4 and SGRFinal valueswere used as a response. Minimum dietary protein requirements for SGRWeek4 and SGRFinal were estimated by the TBPLM as 27.69 and 28.93 % respectively. Briefly, results of the study suggest a minimum dietary protein requirement of zebrafish is about 29 % for maximum growth rate