ISLAMIC APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF THE FEAR OF DEATH

Although the question of death and the fear of it is one of the oldest questions man has dealt with, we have no discussions from ancient times about fear in an existential sense. The thematic approach to this phenomenon in Western philosophy and theology occurs in Hellenism and in the Christian religion, but it gains its full meaning only in the philosophies of existence. The famous Islamic philosopher and physician Ibn Sina, better known in the West as Avicenna (980-1037), wrote A Treatise on the Cure for the Fear of Death and the Treatment of Anxiety Caused by It more than nine centuries ago. Relying on Islamic teachings, Ibn Sina made a comprehensive analysis of this problem in the Treatise, giving precise instructions on how to deal with people who have mental impediments due to the fear of death, which in modern psychiatry are called anxiety and fear-related disorders. In this paper, a brief analysis of the Treatise is made in order to point out possible guidelines in the approach to the problem of fear of death, which in modern psychiatry, psychopathology and psychotherapy is obviously not given enough attention

BIHAVIORAL ADDICTIONS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE - PANDEMIC KNOCKING DOOR

Introduction: Addiction is not solely “substance dependence”. Diminished control is a core defining concept of psychoactive substance addiction. Several behaviors, besides psychoactive substance ingestion, produce short-term reward that may engender diminished control over the behavior. Growing evidence suggests that behavioral addictions resemble substance addictions in many domains, including phenomenology, tolerance, comorbidity, overlapping genetic contribution, neurobiological mechanisms, and response to treatment. This similarity has given rise to the concept of non-substance or behavioral addictions, i.e., syndromes analogous to substance addiction, but with a behavioral focus. The type of excessive behaviors identified as being addictive include gambling, use of computers, playing video games, use of the internet, exercise, and shopping. Behavioral addictions have been proposed as a new class in DSM-5, but the only category included is gambling disorder. Internet gaming disorder is included in the appendix as a condition for further study. The ICD-11 included also the definition of a new disorder, gaming disorder. To present actual knowledge about behavioral addictions in childhood and adolescence Methods: Analysis of data in available literature in data basis and textbooks. Results: Some behavioral addictions are becoming more common in children and adolescents. Dominant are gaming and gambling addiction that are also best researched. Conclusions: Behavioral addiction becomes an epidemic in children and adolescents

BIHAVIORAL ADDICTIONS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE - PANDEMIC KNOCKING DOOR

Introduction: Addiction is not solely “substance dependence”. Diminished control is a core defining concept of psychoactive substance addiction. Several behaviors, besides psychoactive substance ingestion, produce short-term reward that may engender diminished control over the behavior. Growing evidence suggests that behavioral addictions resemble substance addictions in many domains, including phenomenology, tolerance, comorbidity, overlapping genetic contribution, neurobiological mechanisms, and response to treatment. This similarity has given rise to the concept of non-substance or behavioral addictions, i.e., syndromes analogous to substance addiction, but with a behavioral focus. The type of excessive behaviors identified as being addictive include gambling, use of computers, playing video games, use of the internet, exercise, and shopping. Behavioral addictions have been proposed as a new class in DSM-5, but the only category included is gambling disorder. Internet gaming disorder is included in the appendix as a condition for further study. The ICD-11 included also the definition of a new disorder, gaming disorder. To present actual knowledge about behavioral addictions in childhood and adolescence Methods: Analysis of data in available literature in data basis and textbooks. Results: Some behavioral addictions are becoming more common in children and adolescents. Dominant are gaming and gambling addiction that are also best researched. Conclusions: Behavioral addiction becomes an epidemic in children and adolescents

ANTIPSYCHIATRY AS THE STIGMA

The authors presents their perspectives on the relationship between antipsychiatry and the stigma of mental illness. The present paper aims to provide a short review of the basic principles of the antipsychiatric movement, and to discuss the atitudes of its most important theorists. The authors searched recent literature, as well as drawing upon some of the basic antipsychiatric texts. Antipsychiatry dates from 18th century, and as an international movement it emerged during the 1960s as part of the historic tumult of the period rather than as a result of the evolution of scientific ideas. During that period psychiatrists began to see heredity as the cause of mental illness, became pessimistic about restoring patients to sanity, and adopted essentially a custodial approach to care that included use of physical restraints. Radical attitudes of antipsychiatry gave a significant incentive to review psychiatric theory and practice, especially with protecting the rights of mental patients and giving importance not only to somatic, but mental, social and spiritual sides of human existence. But, at the same time, they led to unwarranted attacks on psychiatry as a medical discipline, encouraged different views of its stigmatization and in a certain measure affected the weakening of social awareness about the importance of medical and institutional care for the mentally ill persons. After the 1970s, the antipsychiatry movement became increasingly less influential, due in particular to the rejection of its politicized and reductionistic understanding of psychiatry

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT AGE - NEW CLASSIFICATIONS

Introduction: The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is planned to be published in 2018. So called, „beta version“ of the chapter of mental and behavioral disorders (ICD-11) is already available and it is considered that there will be no significant deviations in the final version. The DSM-5 was released in 2013. Changes related to mental disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry have been made in both of these classifications. To identify changes in the classifications of mental disorders in childhood and adolescent age in beta version of ICD-11 and DSM-5. Methods: Review of mental disorders in childhood and adolescent age and their classification in ICD-11 and DSM-5. Results: For disorders that are classified as “mental retardation” in ICD-10, a new term “intellectual development disorders” has been introduced in ICD-11, ie “intellectual disabilities” in DSM-5. Hyperactivity disorders and attention deficit is a separate entity in relation to ICD-10, in which it is classified as a hyperkinetic disorder. Asperger\u27s syndrome, which is isolated from autism spectrum disorders in DSM-5, does not appear under that name in ICD-11 either. Elimination disorders are in a separate block MKB-11 and DSM-5. Speech and language disorders are classified as communication disorders in the DSM-5 classification. Selective mutism and anxiety separation disorder in childhood are in the block of anxiety and fear-related disorders in ICD-11, and among anxiety disorders in DSM-5, respectively. Reactive emotional disorder and disinhibited attachment disorder of childhood are classified as stress-related disorders in ICD-11 and DSM-5. Conclusions: The new classifications (ICD-11 and DSM-5) classify mental disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry somewhat differently from their antecedents. New entities have also been formed

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT AGE - NEW CLASSIFICATIONS

Introduction: The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is planned to be published in 2018. So called, „beta version“ of the chapter of mental and behavioral disorders (ICD-11) is already available and it is considered that there will be no significant deviations in the final version. The DSM-5 was released in 2013. Changes related to mental disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry have been made in both of these classifications. To identify changes in the classifications of mental disorders in childhood and adolescent age in beta version of ICD-11 and DSM-5. Methods: Review of mental disorders in childhood and adolescent age and their classification in ICD-11 and DSM-5. Results: For disorders that are classified as “mental retardation” in ICD-10, a new term “intellectual development disorders” has been introduced in ICD-11, ie “intellectual disabilities” in DSM-5. Hyperactivity disorders and attention deficit is a separate entity in relation to ICD-10, in which it is classified as a hyperkinetic disorder. Asperger\u27s syndrome, which is isolated from autism spectrum disorders in DSM-5, does not appear under that name in ICD-11 either. Elimination disorders are in a separate block MKB-11 and DSM-5. Speech and language disorders are classified as communication disorders in the DSM-5 classification. Selective mutism and anxiety separation disorder in childhood are in the block of anxiety and fear-related disorders in ICD-11, and among anxiety disorders in DSM-5, respectively. Reactive emotional disorder and disinhibited attachment disorder of childhood are classified as stress-related disorders in ICD-11 and DSM-5. Conclusions: The new classifications (ICD-11 and DSM-5) classify mental disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry somewhat differently from their antecedents. New entities have also been formed

A TREATISE OF THE ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHER IBN SINA (AVICENNA) ON THE FEAR OF DEATH AND THE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY CAUSED BY IT

Although the issue of death and fear of it is one of the oldest issues that man has dealt with, modern secular psychiatry today, as before, does not pay enough attention to the phenomenon of fear of death. The famous Islamic philosopher and physician Ibn Sina, better known in the West as Avicenna (980-1037), wrote A Treatise on the Cure for the Fear of Death and the Treatment of Anxiety Caused by It, more than nine centuries ago. Bosnian Islamic scholar Mehmed Hand translated this treatise from Arabic into Bosnian 80 years ago. This paper provides basic data and a summary of this translation with a focus on the analysis of key terms from the Arabic language used by the author in the original paper from the perspective of today\u27s psychiatric terminology and then its integral translation into English. In addition to its historical significance, we believe that this discussion has its practical significance today, so we hope that this paper could encourage further fruitful discussions in professional circles dealing with this topi

ANTIPSYCHIATRY AS THE STIGMA

The authors presents their perspectives on the relationship between antipsychiatry and the stigma of mental illness. The present paper aims to provide a short review of the basic principles of the antipsychiatric movement, and to discuss the atitudes of its most important theorists. The authors searched recent literature, as well as drawing upon some of the basic antipsychiatric texts. Antipsychiatry dates from 18th century, and as an international movement it emerged during the 1960s as part of the historic tumult of the period rather than as a result of the evolution of scientific ideas. During that period psychiatrists began to see heredity as the cause of mental illness, became pessimistic about restoring patients to sanity, and adopted essentially a custodial approach to care that included use of physical restraints. Radical attitudes of antipsychiatry gave a significant incentive to review psychiatric theory and practice, especially with protecting the rights of mental patients and giving importance not only to somatic, but mental, social and spiritual sides of human existence. But, at the same time, they led to unwarranted attacks on psychiatry as a medical discipline, encouraged different views of its stigmatization and in a certain measure affected the weakening of social awareness about the importance of medical and institutional care for the mentally ill persons. After the 1970s, the antipsychiatry movement became increasingly less influential, due in particular to the rejection of its politicized and reductionistic understanding of psychiatry