Malaysian Society of Animal Production 73 Verification of Caprine Sexed-separated Spermatozoa by Real Time PCR

Abstract Sexed spermatozoa could contribute to increasing profitability of the dairy and beef industries worldwide by producing offspring of predetermined sex. Various methods have been designed to separate sperm population into X-and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa. In this study, the caprine semen sample from Savanna (n=2) and Boer (n=4) breeds were sex-separated using free flow electrophoresis. In order to determine the efficiency of sex-separation procedure, a rapid and accurate technique real time PCR (qPCR) was used to validate the X-and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa following separation. The primers and probes were developed to detect the X-and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa of Capra hircus based on ZFX and SRY genes, respectively, using TaqMan qPCR assay. The amplification of ZFX and SRY genes produced a single fragment of 93 bp and 137 bp, respectively. The primers used in separated spermatozoa by free-flow electrophoresis technique showed that the mean ratio of X-and Y-chromosomes bearing spermatozoa from the cathodic and anodic fractions were 36:64 and 44:56, respectively, compared to unseparated semen was 51:49. Thus, these primers can be used to validate the gene copy of X-and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa in caprine semen

ENHANCED HEATING MECHANISM OF THE ELECTRIC METAL MELTING FURNACE IN TRADITIONAL FOUNDRY

ABSTRACT The cost to own a furnace to melt metals is very costly; around RM 60, 000 for a 3 litre capacity diesel furnace and may be higher depending upon the crucible capacity. Due to the high cost of raw material i.e. copper and aluminium, the metal industry has become an expensive industry and a burden, especially for the small operators. Thus, this research aims to modify the shape of the heat chamber in the electric furnace in order to improve efficiency and at the same time being affordable to support the traditional foundry. The electric furnace is designed based on the induction concept and used the coil as the heater to melt the non-ferrous metals, namely an aluminium or brass. The conceptual design of the furnace using Solid Works took several important criteria that have been considered; that is the furnace efficiency, the commercial design, the cost involved, the furnace heating mechanism, the heat chamber shape, the internal combustion flow and the mobility of the furnace. The criteria are then analysed by using the Matrix Evaluation Method (MEM) to find the ultimate design that suits the criteria. From the computational simulation, it is found that the heat flow due to the induction accumulates the entire space in the furnace and is capable to melt the metal completely. Results from the repeated experiments show that the melting time for aluminium is only 45 minutes for the quantity of 1 kg at a temperature of 740 °C. This design of induction furnace turned out to be reasonably efficient (78.53%) and is very economical (RM 5160). Therefore, this furnace can be a good solution in helping traditional foundries particularly in Malaysia