A Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Clivonine

The first chapter of this thesis discusses the biomimetic total synthesis of clivonine. Clivonine is a member of the Amaryllidaceae family of alkaloids and was isolated from the plant Clivia miniata Regel by Wildman in 1956. Barton first proposed the biosynthesis of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in 1958, hypothesising that the key diversifying step in the biosynthesis was an intramolecular phenolic oxidative coupling of a common precursor, norbelladine. However, it was not until 2 years later, in 1960, that Barton was able to account for the biosynthesis of the lycorenine class of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, the class in which clivonine is a member. He proposed that a ‘ring-switch’ must occur after the initial intramolecular phenolic oxidative coupling from a lycorine type progenitor to that of a lycorenine type skeleton. Our synthesis of clivonine demonstrates for the first time the synthetic interconversion between these two classes of compounds in a manner that can be considered biomimetic. The second chapter of this thesis details our synthesis of the acetonide protected derivative of cis-3,5-cyclohexadien-1,2-diol. The first section of this chapter highlights the importance of these types of molecules and reviews the previous syntheses of this compound. The second section then details the development of a five-step three-pot synthesis of this compound in an overall 50% yield starting from commercially available 1,3-cyclohexadiene. The final chapter of this thesis discusses the studies towards the development of a catalytic asymmetric retro-Cope elimination reaction. This chapter will first highlight recent advances that have been made towards the asymmetric hydroamination (AHA) reaction before reviewing the recent progress made towards expanding the scope of the retro-Cope elimination reaction. Finally, our proposed method of developing an asymmetric retro-Cope reaction will be outlined, along with details of preliminary studies focussed on the development of a suitable system with which the asymmetric retro-Cope elimination can be studied

Cauliflower, a New Recessive Mutation in Tomato

Author Institution: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, and The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooste

Introductory Chapter to Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law: Decisionmaking in Environmental Law

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the growth of environmental law and the decision making structures that governments have developed to adopt, administer, and enforce it. It traces the manner in which cooperative federalism and public participation have affected decision making structures in environmental law, primarily in the United States. It summarizes key challenges that policymakers continue to face in designing environmental laws, including choices on the allocation of authority among different levels of government, the appropriate mix of regulatory and non-regulatory tools to use in environmental protection initiatives, efforts to accommodate environmental protection and economic growth objectives, techniques to spur useful government action in the face of political stalemates, balancing the benefits of public participation with the potential for participatory procedures to slow or derail the implementation of environmental laws, and determining the role of judicial review. The chapter concludes with a road map of the all of the other chapters in the book

Introductory Chapter to Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law: Decisionmaking in Environmental Law

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the growth of environmental law and the decision making structures that governments have developed to adopt, administer, and enforce it. It traces the manner in which cooperative federalism and public participation have affected decision making structures in environmental law, primarily in the United States. It summarizes key challenges that policymakers continue to face in designing environmental laws, including choices on the allocation of authority among different levels of government, the appropriate mix of regulatory and non-regulatory tools to use in environmental protection initiatives, efforts to accommodate environmental protection and economic growth objectives, techniques to spur useful government action in the face of political stalemates, balancing the benefits of public participation with the potential for participatory procedures to slow or derail the implementation of environmental laws, and determining the role of judicial review. The chapter concludes with a road map of the all of the other chapters in the book

Accommodation in the international capital markets and the recycling of oil funds

Prepared in association with the Sloan School of Management and the Dept. of Economic

Quality improvement tools in disease management

Disease management programs require constant monitoring to assure quality and address problems efficiently. To initiate continuous quality improvement in a disease management program, there are several methods available to identify potential problems within the program that may be affecting quality. Some common quality improvement instruments include the Plan-Do-Check-Act model, check sheets, and so forth. Whatever model is used, Statistical Process Control using flow charts, histograms, Pareto diagrams, scatter diagrams, control charts, and cause-and-effect diagrams provides a better understanding about how the organization\u27s processes are functioning. These tools facilitate problem recognition and allow an organization to meet established standards of quality in the most economical manner

The Impact of Citizen Environmental Science in the United States

An increasingly sophisticated public, rapid changes in monitoring technology, the ability to process large volumes of data, and social media are increasing the capacity for members of the public and advocacy groups to gather, interpret, and exchange environmental data. This development has the potential to alter the government-centric approach to environmental governance; however, citizen science has had a mixed record in influencing government decisions and actions. This Article reviews the rapid changes that are going on in the field of citizen science and examines what makes citizen science initiatives impactful, as well as the barriers to greater impact. It reports on 10 case studies, and evaluates these to provide findings about the state of citizen science and recommendations on what might be done to increase its influence on environmental decisionmaking

\u3ci\u3eDay to Day Eats\u3c/i\u3e: Using an Educational Blog to Extend Nutrition Education

An educational blog was created for the purposes of extending learning beyond the reach of organized classes and supplementing the core themes of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. Focus group members reacted to the format, content, visual appeal, and writing style of the blog and addressed their likelihood of reading the blog because of these elements. Their overall acceptance of the blog as a relevant source of nutrition information confirms the usefulness of this mode of social media for expanding the sharing of information beyond in-person interactions

Value of Ascitic Lipids in the Differentiation between Cirrhotic and Malignant Ascites

Ascitic fluid concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids, were compared with ascitic fluid total protein in 40 patients with chronic liver disease, 51patients with various neoplasms and 1 patient with cardiac failure. Seven patients withboth chronic liver disease and malignancy were considered separately. The first 54 patients (23 cirrhotic and 31 with malignancy) were used to determine median values and ranges and to define the most suitable cutoff concentrations between both groups. Median values for cholesterol (75 mg per dl), phospholipids (0.79 mmole per liter), triglycerides (75 mg per dl) and protein (3.8 gm per dl)were higher in malignant ascites compared to ascitic fluid concentrations of cholesterol (20 mg per dl), phospholipids (0.33 mmole per liter), triglycerides (51 mg per dl) and protein (1.9 gm per dl) in patients withcirrhosis. The best discrimination values were 48 mg per dl for cholesterol, 0.6 mmole per liter for phospholipids, 65 mg per dl for triglycerides and 2.5 gm per dl for protein. Application of these cutoff points to 38 subsequent patients (17 cirrhotic, 1 with cardiac failure and 20 with malignancy) revealed an efficiency of 86.8% for cholesterol, 86.8% for phospholipids, 68.4% for triglycerides and 79.0% for protein. From the data of all 92 patients, an efficiency of 92.3% forcholesterol, 79.4% for phospholipids, 72.8% for triglycerides and 79.4% for protein was calculated. We conclude that ascitic fluid cholesterol determination offers an excellent, cost-effective discrimination of ascites due to cirrhosis vs. ascites caused by malignancies