Comprehensive Assessment of Transcorneal Permeation, Antimicrobial, and Antifungal Activities of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanosuspension: In vitro and In vivo Studies

This study aimed to comprehensively assess the transcorneal permeation, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of a nanosuspension loaded with Andrographolide, a promising herbal compound. Through a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, the efficacy, and potential applications of the nanosuspension in ocular drug delivery were investigated. In the in vitro phase, transcorneal permeation studies were conducted using Franz diffusion cells with excised rabbit corneas. The nanosuspension demonstrated significantly enhanced permeation compared to a control formulation, indicating its ability to effectively deliver Andrographolide through the cornea and into the ocular tissues. Additionally, the nanosuspension exhibited potent antimicrobial and antifungal activities against various ocular pathogens, as determined by agar diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Building upon the promising in vitro results, in vivo studies were performed using a rabbit model. Ocular tolerability of the nanosuspension was assessed through eye observations, with no observed signs of irritation or adverse effects. Furthermore, the nanosuspension's in vivo antimicrobial and antifungal activities were evaluated by instilling the formulation into the rabbits' eyes and monitoring conjunctival congestion and inflammation. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in conjunctival congestion, highlighting the nanosuspension's potential for combating ocular infections and inflammation. The comprehensive assessment presented in this study establishes the transcorneal permeation capability of the Andrographolide-loaded nanosuspension and its remarkable antimicrobial and antifungal activities. These findings underscore the potential of the nanosuspension as an effective ocular drug delivery system for various ocular infections and inflammatory conditions. The study contributes to the development of novel therapeutic approaches in ophthalmology, aiming to improve patient outcomes and provide alternative treatment options for ocular diseases. Keywords: Transcorneal permeation; Nanosuspension; Andrographolide; Antimicrobial activity; Antifungal activity; Ocular drug deliver

Exploring the Potential of Ketoprofen Nanosuspension: In Vitro and In Vivo Insights into Drug Release and Bioavailability

Low water solubility and high permeability present formulation challenges for drugs categorized as Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II, resulting in reduced bioavailability. This research focuses on addressing the solubility issues of BCS Class II drugs, including Simvastatin, Ketoprofen, griseofulvin, ibuprofen, ketoconazole, and carbamazepine, which exhibit high permeability but poor solubility. A potential strategy to improve the solubility and bioavailability of these drugs is the utilization of nanosuspensions. This study investigates the application of nanosuspension technology to enhance the solubility of Ketoprofen, a BCS Class II drug. By reducing the drug's particle size within the nanosuspension, solubility is improved, leading to increased bioavailability and optimized therapeutic efficacy. The research includes in vitro and in vivo experiments to evaluate the drug release profiles and bioavailability of Ketoprofen-loaded nanosuspensions. Significant findings from this research include the demonstration of improved bioavailability and enhanced drug release properties achieved with the nanosuspension formulation. In vitro studies show increased drug dissolution rates and improved release profiles compared to conventional formulations. In vivo experiments reveal enhanced pharmacokinetic parameters and therapeutic effectiveness of Ketoprofen when administered through the nanosuspension. These results highlight the potential of nanosuspensions as an efficient drug delivery system for BCS Class II drugs, addressing their solubility limitations and improving their bioavailability. The findings contribute to the development of novel strategies in pharmacology for enhancing drug solubility and therapeutic outcomes. Overall, this research emphasizes the significance of nanosuspension technology in optimizing the delivery of BCS Class II drugs and offers valuable insights for future formulation development and therapeutic applications. Keywords: Ketoprofen, Nanosuspensions, Ultrasonication, Precipitation, Dissolution rate, Oral bioavailability