Комплексная эколого-геохимическая оценка буровых шламов нефтяных месторождений на примере объектов Томской области

Объектом исследования является буровой шлам нефтяных месторождений Томской области. Целью данной работы являлось изучение особенностей состава буровых шламов нефтяных месторождений Томской области; проведение комплексной оценки экологической опасности отходов на основе химических, минералогических (с использованием рентгеноструктурного анализа и электронной микроскопии), физических анализов и методов биотестирования. В результате исследования были получены данные о элементном, минеральном, химическом составе и интегральной токсичности исследуемых буровых шламов, дана комплексная эколого-геохимическая оценка буровым шламам.The object of the study is the drill cuttings of oil fields in the Tomsk region. The purpose of this work was to study the features of the composition of drill cuttings of oil fields in the Tomsk region, carrying out an integrated assessment of the ecological hazard of wastes on the basis of chemical, mineralogical (using X-ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy), physical analyzes and methods of biotesting. As a result of the study, were obtained on the elemental, mineral, chemical composition and integrated toxicity of the drill cuttings studied, and a comprehensive ecological and geochemical evaluation of drill cuttings was given

Biocatalysis as Useful Tool in Asymmetric Synthesis: An Assessment of Recently Granted Patents (2014–2019)

The broad interdisciplinary nature of biocatalysis fosters innovation, as different technical fields are interconnected and synergized. A way to depict that innovation is by conducting a survey on patent activities. This paper analyses the intellectual property activities of the last five years (2014–2019) with a specific focus on biocatalysis applied to asymmetric synthesis. Furthermore, to reflect the inventive and innovative steps, only patents that were granted during that period are considered. Patent searches using several keywords (e.g., enzyme names) have been conducted by using several patent engine servers (e.g., Espacenet, SciFinder, Google Patents), with focus on granted patents during the period 2014–2019. Around 200 granted patents have been identified, covering all enzyme types. The inventive pattern focuses on the protection of novel protein sequences, as well as on new substrates. In some other cases, combined processes, multi-step enzymatic reactions, as well as process conditions are the innovative basis. Both industries and academic groups are active in patenting. As a conclusion of this survey, we can assert that biocatalysis is increasingly recognized as a useful tool for asymmetric synthesis and being considered as an innovative option to build IP and protect synthetic routes

Biocatalysis in Water or in Non-Conventional Media? Adding the CO2 Production for the Debate

Biocatalysis can be applied in aqueous media and in different non-aqueous solutions (non-conventional media). Water is a safe solvent, yet many synthesis-wise interesting substrates cannot be dissolved in aqueous solutions, and thus low concentrations are often applied. Conversely, non-conventional media may enable higher substrate loadings but at the cost of using (fossil-based) organic solvents. This paper determines the CO2 production—expressed as kg CO2·kg product−1—of generic biotransformations in water and non-conventional media, assessing both the upstream and the downstream. The key to reaching a diminished environmental footprint is the type of wastewater treatment to be implemented. If the used chemicals enable a conventional (mild) wastewater treatment, the production of CO2 is limited. If other (pre)treatments for the wastewater are needed to eliminate hazardous chemicals and solvents, higher environmental impacts can be expected (based on CO2 production). Water media for biocatalysis are more sustainable during the upstream unit—the biocatalytic step—than non-conventional systems. However, processes with aqueous media often need to incorporate extractive solvents during the downstream processing. Both strategies result in comparable CO2 production if extractive solvents are recycled at least 1–2 times. Under these conditions, a generic industrial biotransformation at 100 g L−1 loading would produce 15–25 kg CO2·kg product−1 regardless of the applied media

Biocatalysis for the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Deep Eutectic Solvents: State-of-the-Art and Prospects

Biocatalysis holds immense potential for pharmaceutical development as it enables synthetic routes to various chiral building blocks with unparalleled selectivity. Therein, solvent and water use account for a large contribution to the environmental impact of the reactions. In the spirit of Green Chemistry, a transition from traditional highly diluted aqueous systems to intensified non-aqueous media to overcome limitations (e.g., water shortages, recalcitrant wastewater treatments, and low substrate loadings) has been observed. Benefiting from the spectacular advances in various enzyme stabilization techniques, a plethora of biotransformations in non-conventional media have been established. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) emerge as a sort of (potentially) greener non-aqueous medium with increasing use in biocatalysis. This review discusses the state-of-the-art of biotransformations in DESs with a focus on biocatalytic pathways for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Representative examples of different enzyme classes are discussed, together with a critical vision of the limitations and discussing prospects of using DESs for biocatalysis

Enzymatic Cascade for the Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid in Biphasic and Microaqueous Conditions: ‘Media-Agnostic’ Biocatalysts for Biorefineries

5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is produced upon dehydration of C6 sugars in biorefineries. As the product, it remains either in aqueous solutions, or is in situ extracted to an organic medium (biphasic system). For the subsequent oxidation of HMF to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), ‘media-agnostic’ catalysts that can be efficiently used in different conditions, from aqueous to biphasic, and to organic (microaqueous) media, are of interest. Here, the concept of a one-pot biocatalytic cascade for production of FDCA from HMF was reported, using galactose oxidase (GalOx) for the formation of 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), followed by the lipase-mediated peracid oxidation of DFF to FDCA. GalOx maintained its catalytic activity upon exposure to a range of organic solvents with only 1 % (v/v) of water. The oxidation of HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) was successfully established in ethyl acetate-based biphasic or microaqueous systems. To validate the concept, the reaction was conducted at 5 % (v/v) water, and integrated in a cascade where DFF was subsequently oxidized to FDCA in a reaction catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B. © 2022 The Authors. ChemSusChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH

Exploring glutathione lyases as biocatalysts: paving the way for enzymatic lignin depolymerization and future stereoselective Applications

Glutathione-dependent β-etherases and glutathione lyases are key-enzymes for the biocatalytic depolymerization of lignin. In the first step, the nucleophilic attack of glutathione to the common β-O-4-aryl-ether motif in lignin is catalyzed by β-etherases and afterwards the glutathione is removed again by the action of glutathione lyases. Given their potential impact for lignin valorization, in this paper novel glutathione lyases are reported and biocatalytically characterized based on lignin model compounds. As a result, an enzyme exhibiting increased thermostability and lowered enantioselectivity - key features for implementation of glutathione lyases in enzymatic lignin depolymerization processes - was identified. Furthermore, first mutational studies of these enzymes revealed the possibility to further alter the activity as well as enantioselectivity of glutathione lyases by means of protein engineering. From a practical perspective, one-pot multi-step processes combining β-etherases and glutathione lyases are successfully set-up, giving hints on the potential that the implementation of these biocatalysts may bring for biorefinery purposes

Оценка формирования пожароопасной обстановки на земной поверхности с использованием космических снимков

В работе рассмотрены методические вопросы, связанные с оценкой пожароопасной обстановки на земной поверхности.In the work monitoring the methodological issues related to the assessment of fire hazard situation on the Earth's surface

Исследование методов и реализация алгоритмов выявления скрытых закономерностей параметров при определении типа сахарного диабета на основе машинного обучения

Работа направлена на выявление скрытых закономерностей параметров при определении типа сахарного диабета на основе статистических методов. Полученные результаты будут положены в основу определения характеристических признаков (фичи) искусственных нейронных сетей. Планируется проведение сравнительного анализа результатов классификации, полученных на основе алгоритмов машинного обучения.The work is aimed at identifying hidden patterns of parameters in determining the type of diabetes mellitus based on statistical methods. The obtained results will be used as a basis for determining the characteristics (features) of artificial neural networks. It is planned to conduct a comparative analysis of the classification results obtained on the basis of machine learning algorithms

Biomass pretreatment affects Ustilago maydis in producing itaconic acid

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In the last years, the biotechnological production of platform chemicals for fuel components has become a major focus of interest. Although ligno-cellulosic material is considered as suitable feedstock, the almost inevitable pretreatment of this recalcitrant material may interfere with the subsequent fermentation steps. In this study, the fungus <it>Ustilago maydis </it>was used to produce itaconic acid as platform chemical for the synthesis of potential biofuels such as 3-methyltetrahydrofuran. No studies, however, have investigated how pretreatment of ligno-cellulosic biomass precisely influences the subsequent fermentation by <it>U. maydis</it>. Thus, this current study aims to first characterize <it>U. maydis </it>in shake flasks and then to evaluate the influence of three exemplary pretreatment methods on the cultivation and itaconic acid production of this fungus. Cellulose enzymatically hydrolysed in seawater and salt-assisted organic-acid catalysed cellulose were investigated as substrates. Lastly, hydrolysed hemicellulose from fractionated beech wood was applied as substrate.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>U. maydis </it>was characterized on shake flask level regarding its itaconic acid production on glucose. Nitrogen limitation was shown to be a crucial condition for the production of itaconic acid. For itaconic acid concentrations above 25 g/L, a significant product inhibition was observed. Performing experiments that simulated influences of possible pretreatment methods, <it>U. maydis </it>was only slightly affected by high osmolarities up to 3.5 osmol/L as well as of 0.1 M oxalic acid. The production of itaconic acid was achieved on pretreated cellulose in seawater and on the hydrolysed hemicellulosic fraction of pretreated beech wood.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The fungus <it>U. maydis </it>is a promising producer of itaconic acid, since it grows as single cells (yeast-like) in submerged cultivations and it is extremely robust in high osmotic media and real seawater. Moreover, <it>U. maydis </it>can grow on the hemicellulosic fraction of pretreated beech wood. Thereby, this fungus combines important advantages of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Nevertheless, the biomass pretreatment does indeed affect the subsequent itaconic acid production. Although <it>U. maydis </it>is insusceptible to most possible impurities from pretreatment, high amounts of salts or residues of organic acids can slow microbial growth and decrease the production. Consequently, the pretreatment step needs to fit the prerequisites defined by the actual microorganisms applied for fermentation.</p