The Monitoring of the Phytosanitary Status on the Plum Tree Plantations from Reghin Area

The plum tree is a fruit tree with fruits that have a very complex content of nutrients many of them still undetermined. In the Reghin area and in Romania this fruit has a significant importance in both industrial units and in smaller households. The present paper has as main purpose the monitoring of the plum plantations and evaluation of frequency (F%), intensity (I%) and the degree of attack (GA%) of the main pathogens observed at that time (2012) in different plantations from Reghin area. The monitoring took place on four plantations with different surfaces by visually estimating four varieties of plum trees De Bistrita, Stanley, Anna Spath and Silvia, with different percentage in the plantations. The symptoms followed on the plum trees were viral symptoms (mottling on the leaves), red spots (caused by Polystigma rubrum) and shot-hole bacterial symptoms (produced by Pseudomonas campestris pv. Plum or Pseudomonas syringae pv. Morsprumorum). These symptoms are very common and damaging in Reghin area, often exceeding the economic damage threshold

The Most Important Methods for Depollution of Hydrocarbons Polluted Soils

Crude oil is a highly complex mixture of hydrocarbons amounting to hundreds of individual compounds with different chemical structure and molecular weight plus a series of lower molecular weight compounds other than hydrocarbons (phenols, thiols, naphthenic acids, heterocyclic compounds with N (pyridines, pyrrole, indole, s.o.) compounds S (alkyl thiols, thiophene, etc.) (Zarnea, 1994). Mineral oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) creates larger environmental problems. They are considered particularly dangerous. In this regard, EPA Agency from U.S.A. includes a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under 16 priority pollutants, which require special attention. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) has identified 15 types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including six of the 16 types of PAHs, identifiable by the USEPA as having carcinogenic properties (Chauhan Archana et al., 2008)

In vitro Control of the Fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. with Plant Extracts

The gray mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers., is an economically important disease of plants throughout the world. It is common on vegetable crops, soft fruits, ornamental plants and grapevine, and occurs in greenhouses and in the field as well as in storage and transport. Plant extracts and their purified compounds have antibacterial, antiviral and fungicidal effects both in vitro and in vivo. Their properties were attributed mainly to alkaloids, several flavonoids and phenolic acids. This study was made in order to establish the materials and the methods most used for the in vitro control of the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. with plant extracts – types of plant extracts, the most appropriate culture media, methods of inoculation, methods of extraction and methods for testing the antifungal effect of the plant extracts against the phytopathogenic fungus. The most used medium was PDA (potato dextrose agar). Conform to the literature data this medium is the most suitable for the development of this fungus, the growth of the mycelium, the conidia growing and the formation of sclerotia. As plant extraction method, the hydrodistilation is the most ancient method of distillation and the most versatile. Reviewed methods used for testing the efficacy of natural products (plant extracts) were: the agar diffusion method, the poisoned food technique, the radial growth test, the conidial germination assay, the microathmosphere method, the technique of Thompson

General Aspects about Pesticides Residues in Fruits and Short Description of Organic Farming versus Conventional Farming

For the reason of reducing the loss and maintain the quality of fruits and vegetables harvest, pesticides are used to destroy pests and prevent diseases. But, the use of pesticides during production often leads to the presence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables after harvest. In every country the purpose of pesticide monitoring programs is to ensure that fruits and vegetables do not exceed maximum residues levels (MRLs). Future research needs to confirm whether and to what extent pesticide residues levels vary between organic and conventional products

The Monitoring of Bark Integrity from Phytosanitary Point of View on Plum Trees Plantations in Reghin Area

A special importance in long developing of plum is the health of the primary elements of stem and main branches structure. The bark injuries (wounds) may be of mechanical or pathological origin or a combination between these. Monitoring consisted in investigating a great number of affected trees from Reghin area, the number of injuries that damage them and type of injuries: lesions without Stereum purpureum and Phellinus ignarius infection or lesions infected with these fungi; lesions with or without callus. The observed cultivars were commonly found in the Reghin area: de Bistrita, Stanley, Anna Spath and Silvia. In the present paper, we can say that in all four plantations the highest percentage of lesions observed were without infection but from the infected wounds Stereum purpureum was the most encountered fungus

Alternaria Genus and the Diseases Caused to Agricultural and Horticultural Plants

This work is a bibliographic approach to the historical and most recent taxonomy on Alternaria genus. The genus Alternaria consists largely of species of saprophytic, endophytic and parasitic fungi. The United States Fungal host index ranks the genus Alternaria on the 10th place based on the number of host plants, with over 4,000 species. Govind et al. (2016) tells us that most species of this genus are missing the sexual form, with the exception of a few species, which have, in addition to the anamorphic form, the telemorphic form. With the discovery of several species and due to the superficiality of past research, the inclusion of this genus in the taxonomy has become problematic. At the beginning, the taxonomic classification was performed according to the morphology of the species. This bibliographic approach wants to clarify some of the aspects concerning the old and actual taxonomy ambiguities of Alternaria genus. The method used is consulting the scientific literature. The present reclassification of the species was performed by analysing the DNA of each species in 2013 by Woudenberg et al. and fit the Alternaria species in 25 sections. In 2016 Lawrence et al. added 2 other sections and in 2019 Ghafri et al. forms a new section based on the new species Alternaria omanensis. In conclusion Alternaria genus is now divided in 28 sections, each section contains species that are genetically related. Even though most of the ambiguities have been clarified at present, there are still ambiguities regarding the species within and between sections

The Effect of Bioremediation on the Microbial Consortia of Oil Polluted Soil

The main groups of microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons are bacteria and fungi. We used soil samples polluted with crude oil for isolating the microorganisms. A number of 41 bacterial strains and 21 fungal strains were isolated. The microorganisms isolated and obtained in pure culture were tested on media with different concentrations of oil, aiming at their biodegradation capacity. The bacterial strains of the genera Enterobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter and fungal strains of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Rhizopus, Scopulariopsis, Paecilomyces showed good and very good results, concerning their ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. These were used to create the microbial consortium