ELFE, a database to determine greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions factors from livestock

ELFE, a database to determine greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions factors from livestock. 20. Nitrogen Workshop. Coupling C-N-P-S cycle

Reference procedures for the measurement of gaseous emissions from livestock houses and stores of animal manure.

In the ten years before the EMILI 2012 symposium, gaseous losses from animal farms became increasingly important in the m edia. The paradox of this tendency was the great number of publications, scientific or not, even though the emissions of most animal farms had never been measured. Therefor e, the development of reference tools to measure greenhouse gas and ammonia emissio ns was important. Such tools allow recognition and remuneration of the best pract ices and equipment. Accordingly, ADEME funded an international project associating several research and development organizations involved with the animal production chain. The project proposed an initial set of 18 procedures to measure ammonia and greenho use gas emissions from animal houses and manure stores. These were adapted to the diversity of animal farms found throughout the world. Some methods were compared duri ng a ?building? and a ?liquid manure? experiment. Results showed a high difference among methods (ca. 80%), much higher than the estimated uncertainty. Associat ing independent emission measurements, together with a mass balance of the system, is necessary for the reliability of further results. However, previously published references lack uncertainty estimates of measurements that conform to GUM 2008. In the coming years, this is one of the major concerns for measuring emission factor s. Uncertainty estimates should depend on the measurand (temporal: hourly, per batch, yearly; spatial: animal, house, national) and include the uncertainties associated with system representativity and temporal interpolation.Edited by Mélynda Hassouna and Nadine Guingand

Reducing environmental impacts of feed using multiobjective formulation: What benefits at the farm gate for pig and broiler production?

International audienceFeed production is the main contributor to several environmental impacts of livestock. To decrease environmental impacts of feed, those of feedstuffs should be considered during formulation. In particular, multiobjective feed formulation (MOF) can help reduce several environmental impacts simultaneously while keeping any increase in feed price moderate. The objective of this study was to assess environmental benefits of MOF at the farm gate for fattening pigs and broilers. For pigs, three feeding strategies were tested: classic 2-phase (2P), 2-phase with lower net energy content (2P −), and multiphase (MP). For broilers, two strategies were tested: classic 3-phase (3P) and 3-phase with higher digestible amino acid contents and lower metabolisable energy content (3P+). Diets were formulated using both least-cost formulation (LCF) and MOF, yielding six pig scenarios and four broiler scenarios. Environmental impacts at the farm gate were estimated using a modelling approach based on life cycle assessment. Indicators for six impact categories were then calculated: climate change (CC), cumulative non-renewable energy demand (CEDNR), acidification (AC), eutrophication (EU), land occupation (LO), and phosphorus demand (PD). As expected, MOF had lower farm-gate impacts than LCF (as much as −13%), but the degree of decrease varied by feeding strategy and impact. For pigs, MOF was equally effective in all strategies at reducing PD (− 6 to − 9%) and AC (− 2%). In contrast, MOF was more effective in 2P and 2P− at decreasing CC (−5% to −7%), LO (−9% to −13%) and EU (− 6% to − 8%) than in MP (CC: −2%; LO: − 4%; EU: − 3%). The benefit of MOF was found greater in 2P (− 7%) than in other pig strategies for CEDNR (− 3 to + 0%). For broilers, MOF was equally effective in both strategies tested at decreasing PD (− 12%), AC (−2%), and EU (−4%). For CC and CEDNR, MOF was more effective in 3P (CC: −9%; CEDNR: −11%) than 3P+ (−6% for both impacts), but not for LO (+3% in 3P vs −1% in 3P+). These differences were due mainly to differences in animal performance (especially feed conversion ratio) among the strategies tested. Finally, in all scenarios, gross margin at the farm gate decreased with MOF comparatively to LCF (pigs: −3% to −11%); broilers: −7% to −11%). These results demonstrate the importance of comprehensive economic and environmental optimisation of feeding strategies by simultaneously considering feed impacts, animal performance, and manure management. To do so, further research is therefore required to develop new modelling tools

Binding properties of 3-[125I]iodophencyclidine, a new radioligand for N-methyl-D-aspartate-gated ionic channels.

International audienceThe binding properties of the 125I-labeled phencyclidine derivative N-[1-(3-[125I]iodophenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (3-[125I]iodo-PCP), a new ligand of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-gated ionic channel, were investigated. Association and dissociation kinetic curves of 3-[125I]iodo-PCP with rat brain homogenates were well described by two components. About 32% of the binding was of fast association and fast dissociation, and the remaining binding was of slow association and slow dissociation. Saturation curves of 3-[125I]iodo-PCP also were well described using two binding sites: one of a high affinity (KDH = 15.8 +/- 2.3 nM) and the other of a low affinity (KDL = 250 +/- 40 nM). 3-Iodo-PCP inhibited the binding of 3-[125I]iodo-PCP with inhibition curves that were well fitted by a two-site model. The binding constants (KiH, BmaxH; KiL, BmaxL) so obtained were close to those obtained in saturation experiments. Ligands of NMDA-gated ionic channels also inhibited the binding of 3-[125I]iodo-PCP with two constants, KiH and KiL. There was a very good correlation (r = 0.987) between the affinities of these ligands to bind to NMDA-gated ionic channels and their potencies to inhibit the binding of 3-[125I]iodo-PCP with a high affinity. Moreover, the regional distribution of the high-affinity binding of 3-[125I]-iodo-PCP paralleled that of tritiated N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine ([3H]TCP). In contrast to that of [3H] TCP, the binding of 3-[125I]iodo-PCP to well-washed rat brain membranes was fast and insensitive to glutamate and glycine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS

Optimisation des aménagements boisés de parcours de volailles de chair Label Rouge et Biologique

La présence d’un parcours est un élément majeur caractérisant les productions de volailles sous signes de qualité Label Rouge et Biologique. Pour assurer la durabilité de ces modes de production, il est nécessaire d’optimiser la gestion des parcours, afin de concilier au mieux les besoins des volailles et une gestion environnementale pertinente, tout en permettant d’évaluer les possibilités de production d’un revenu supplémentaire pour l’éleveur. Pour cela, il était nécessaire de connaître la diversité des parcours existants et des pratiques de gestion des éleveurs, ainsi que d’apporter des références environnementales quant aux impacts des plantations sur le stockage du carbone, les émissions de GES, la participation à la biodiversité, au paysage. L’ensemble de ces travaux et la synthèse des connaissances acquises ont permis d’élaborer des préconisations concrètes pour les éleveurs et techniciens

Multiobjective formulation, a method to formulate eco-friendly and economic feed for monogastrics

Feed production represents more than 70% of several environmental impacts estimated by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in pig (P) and broiler (B) productions. Yet, least cost feed formulation (LCF) is not relevant to reduce the environmental impacts of P and B feeds. Optimising feed composition while taking into account environmental impacts of feedstuffs (FS) is a way to do so. This study describes a new method, multiobjective formulation (MOF), based on the simultaneous use of an economic index (based on feed cost) and an environmental index (using LCA impacts) in a single objective function to minimize. A weighting coefficient (α) allows giving more or less influence to these indexes. The best trade-off was considered to be reached for an optimal weighting coefficient (αopt) set to be the coefficient beyond which the marginal increase of the economic index exceeds the marginal decrease of the environmental index. In the actual French context of FS availability, important reductions in impacts of P and B feeds were achieved with MOF in comparison with LCF. In B, at αopt, reductions by 12, 18, 7, 4, and 12% were achieved for ‘climate change’ (CC), ‘non-renewable energy use’, ‘eutrophication’, ‘acidification’ and ‘phosphorus consumption’ impacts, respectively, for an extra cost of 3%. In P, similar reductions of these impacts were achieved at αopt: -14, -13, -11, -7, and -6%, respectively, for an extra cost of 1%. For ‘land occupation’ impact, MOF had little effect in B (+4%) whereas in P, it decreased by 13%. LCA impacts at farm gate of one kg of live weight of B and P fed with these eco-feeds were also assessed. They confirmed that MOF reduces the environmental impacts of P and B productions (e.g. for CC, -7 and -10%, respectively) without pollution swapping and with moderate extra costs (e.g. +1% and +2% in P and B, respectively). Greater reductions of impacts are even possible when FS availabilityis less limiting (e.g. -19% for CC in B), questioning the actual availability of low-impact FS such as pea or sorghum

Environmental impacts of different innovative feeding strategies in pig and broiler farms

Optimization of feeding strategies (S) is an effective option to reduce the environmental impacts of livestock. Itcan be performed, by using multi-objective feed formulation (MOF) to select feedstuffs according to their priceand environmental impacts, and by adapting dietary composition to animal requirements during the rearing period. This study investigates the combination of those feeding strategies on the environmental impacts of pig (P) and broiler (B) productions. Different S for conventional farms were specified in B and for fattening period in P. In P, the S were: 2-phases feeding (S1); multiphase feeding with two (S2) or four (S3) pre-diets, mixed together in different proportions during time; and 2-phases feeding with a reduction of energy (S4) or amino acid (S5) content. In B, the S were: 3-phases feeding (S6) and 3-phases feeding with lysine and energy contents respectively increased and decreased (S7). For each S, feeds were formulated using least-cost optimization (LC) and MOF. The environmental impacts of the kg of BW at farm gate were assessed by Life Cycle Assessment and compared to the reference scenarios: LC-S1 and LC-S6 for P and B, respectively. S with LC formulation showed impacts between -19% and +13% compared to the reference impacts. MOF reduced impacts per kg of feed by up to 30%, and final impacts per kg of BW by 1 to 20%, except for Acidification and Climate Change (S4), and for Land Occupation (S7). Three criteria explain these contrasted results among S and LCA impacts at the kg of BW scale. The first one is the contribution of feed to impacts per kg of BW (34% to 98%). The second one is feed conversion ratio as it reflects the overall efficiency of the system, and thus impacts nutrient excretion and manure gas emission. The last one is nutritional balance of feed (protein, amino acids composition), explaining nitrogen excretion (S2, S3). This study underlines the need for optimizing S while considering simultaneously the consequences on economics and environmental performances at animal scale

Les litières en élevage : identification, test et évaluation des techniques ou des pratiques consistant à mieux gérer les litières avec moins de matériaux

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La base de données ELFE : vers une meilleure connaissance des émissions gazeuses liées à l’élevage

National audienceThe increasing demand for animal products is a major challenge for the livestock sector that must reduce its environmental impacts and ensure its sustainability. This sector has been identified as an important contributor to polluting gas emissions. Improving the knowledge on the origin and the magnitude of air pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions from livestock sector is essential to address climate change and to contribute to improve air quality with the evolution of breeding practices (feeding strategy, manure management, etc.). A consortium involving research and extension services partners was created to build a database called ELFE (ELevages et Facteurs d’Emission) with international data from literature references focusing on emissions of ammonia, greenhouse gases, particles and odors on the different steps of manure management of cattle, pig and poultry productions systems and their associated key variables. Around 350 publications (among 1 000 publications collected) are integrated into the database and provide more than 5 200 emission values. The ELFE database allows calculating average of emission and their standard deviation taking into account the diversity of livestock systems. These data can be used to provide emission factor for national inventories for specific livestock systems and also, to evaluate practices on gas emissions mitigation. This database can also be used to analyze the influence of key variables on the emission factor variability using multicriteria assessment (climate, building type, etc.). Moreover, this database propose a classification of emission factor into three classes according to the degree on which information about their most influential key variables was complete (>50 % ; 30-50 % ; 50 % ; 30-50 % ; <30 % des métadonnées renseignées) afin d’évaluer son niveau de description