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Association between egg consumption and cardiovascular disease events, diabetes and all-cause mortality
Purpose The association between egg consumption and
cardiovascular disease (CVD) or type 2 diabetes (T2D)
remains controversial. We investigated the association
between egg consumption and risk of CVD (primary outcome),
T2D and mortality in the Caerphilly prospective
cohort study (CAPS) and National Diet and Nutritional
Survey (NDNS).
Methods CAPS included 2512 men aged 45–59 years
(1979–1983). Dietary intake, disease incidence and mortality
were updated at 5-year intervals. NDNS included 754
adults aged 19–64 years from 2008 to 2012.
Results Men free of CVD (n = 1781) were followed up for
a mean of 22.8 years, egg consumption was not associated
with new incidence of CVD (n = 715), mortality (n = 1028)
or T2D (n = 120). When stroke (n = 248), MI (n = 477),heart failure (n = 201) were investigated separately, no
associations between egg consumption and stroke and MI
were identified, however, increased risk of stroke in subjects
with T2D and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, fasting
plasma glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/L), adjusted hazard ratios (95%
CI) were 1.0 (reference), 1.09 (0.41, 2.88), 0.96 (0.37, 2.50),
1.39 (0.54, 3.56) and 2.87 (1.13, 7.27) for egg intake (n) of
0 ≤ n ≤ 1, 1 < n ≤ 2, 2 < n ≤ 3, 3 < n < 5, and n ≥ 5 eggs/wk,
respectively (P = 0.01). In addition, cross-sectional analyses
revealed that higher egg consumption was significantly
associated with elevated fasting glucose in those with T2D
and/or IGT (CAPS: baseline P = 0.02 and 5-year P = 0.04;
NDNS: P = 0.05).
Conclusions Higher egg consumption was associated with
higher blood glucose in subjects with T2D and/or IGT. The
increased incidence of stroke with higher egg consumption
among T2D and/or IGT sub-group warrants further
investigation
Vitamin C supplement use may protect against gallstones: an observational study on a randomly selected population
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Animal experiments have shown a protective effect of vitamin C on the formation of gallstones. Few data in humans suggest an association between reduced vitamin C intake and increased prevalence of gallstone disease. The aim of this study was to assess the possible association of regular vitamin C supplementation with gallstone prevalence.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An observational, population-based study of 2129 subjects aged 18-65 years randomly selected from the general population in southern Germany was conducted. Abdominal ultrasound examination, completion of a standardized questionnaire, compilation of anthropometric data and blood tests were used. Data were collected in November and December 2002. Data analysis was conducted between December 2005 and January 2006.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Prevalence of gallstones in the study population was 7.8% (167/2129). Subjects reporting vitamin C supplementation showed a prevalence of 4.7% (11/232), whereas in subjects not reporting regular vitamin C supplementation, the prevalence was 8.2% (156/1897). Female gender, hereditary predisposition, increasing age and body-mass index (BMI) were associated with increased prevalence of gallstones. Logistic regression with backward elimination adjusted for these factors showed reduced gallstone prevalence for vitamin C supplementation (odds ratio, OR 0.34; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.14 to 0.81; P = 0.01), increased physical activity (OR 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.94; P = 0.02), and higher total cholesterol (OR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.79; P < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Regular vitamin C supplementation and, to a lesser extent, increased physical activity and total cholesterol levels are associated with a reduced prevalence of gallstones. Regular vitamin C supplementation might exert a protective effect on the development of gallstones.</p