Subthreshold depression as a risk indicator for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of prospective studies.

Objective: In order to examine whether the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increased in subjects with subthreshold depression, or sD (clinically relevant depressive symptoms, without meeting criteria for a full-blown MDD), we conducted a review of prospective studies examining the incidence of MDD in subjects with sD. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted. For all studies, the relative risk of developing MDD was calculated, based on person-years. Results: Twenty studies (23 comparisons) were found, based on community samples, general medical patients and high-risk subjects. Most comparisons showed that subjects with sD had a consistently larger chance of developing MDD. The studies differed considerably in the definition of sD, the recency (occurrence of the last sD) and the in-/ exclusion of lifetime MDD. Conclusion: The incidence of MDD in subjects with sD is larger than in subjects without sD. Otherwise, the concept of sD is too broad to be used. In future studies, some consensus should be reached regarding the definition of sD

Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review

In a meta-analysis, Julianne Holt-Lunstad and colleagues find that individuals' social relationships have as much influence on mortality risk as other well-established risk factors for mortality, such as smoking

Efficacy of sertraline in a 12-week trial for generalized anxiety disorder

Objective: Sertraline's efficacy and tolerability in treating generalized anxiety disorder were evaluated. Method: Adult outpatients with DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and a total score of 18 or higher on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were eligible. After a 1-week single-blind placebo lead-in, patients were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with placebo (N=188, mean baseline anxiety score=25) or flexible doses (50-150 mg/day) of sertraline (N=182, mean anxiety score=25). The primary outcome measure was baseline-to-endpoint change in the Hamilton anxiety scale total score. A secondary efficacy measure was the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) improvement score; response was defined as a score of 2 or less. Results: Sertraline patients had significantly greater improvement than placebo patients on all efficacy measures at week 4. Analysis of covariance of the intent-to-treat group at endpoint (with the last observation carried forward) showed a significant difference in the decrease from baseline of the least-square mean total score on the Hamilton anxiety scale between sertraline (mean=11.7) and placebo (mean=8.0). Significantly greater endpoint improvement with sertraline than placebo was obtained for mean scores on the Hamilton anxiety scale psychic factor (6.7 versus 4.1) and somatic factor (5.0 versus 3.9). The rate of responders, based on CGI improvement and last observation carried forward, was significantly higher for sertraline (63%) than placebo (37%). Sertraline was well tolerated; 8% of patients versus 10% for placebo dropped out because of adverse events. Conclusions: Sertraline appears to be efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder

Is improvement in impaired cognition and depressive symptoms in post-stroke patients associated with recovery in activities of daily living?

10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00751.xActa Neurologica Scandinavica1155339-346ANRS

Cognitive improvement after treatment of depressive symptoms in the acute phase of stroke Melhora cognitiva com tratamento antidepressivo na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral

The outcome of antidepressant treatment for depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment at the acute phase of stroke is controversial. We investigated 93 patients, treating with citalopram 36 with severe depressive symptoms (HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale >18), whilst 19 patients with mild depressive symptoms, and 38 non-depressed patients, remained untreated. At baseline (two weeks after stroke), patients with severe depressive symptoms had lower scores in total Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) and in the attention and memory DRS subscales, than the non-depressed patients (p<0.001). At the end of the three-month follow-up period, these differences had disappeared, but patients initially with mild depressive symptoms had higher HAM-D scores than the non-depressed patients (p=0.015), and lower scores in DRS attention and memory subscales (p<0.01), than the patients treated with citalopram. Treatment was associated with improved mood, memory and attention, and a placebo-controlled study on the treatment of mild depressive symptoms is warranted.<br>Os resultados do tratamento com antidepressivo para os sintomas depressivos e comprometimento cognitivo da fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral não estão estabelecidos. Investigamos 93 pacientes, 36 com sintomas depressivos graves (HAM-D: Escala de Depressão de Hamilton >18) foram tratados com citalopram, enquanto 19 pacientes com sintomas depressivos leves e 38 não-deprimidos não foram tratados. Ao início do tratamento (duas semanas depois do icto), pacientes com sintomas depressivos graves tinham escores mais baixos na Escala de Avaliação de Demência (DRS) total e nas subescalas de atenção e de memória da DRS do que os pacientes não-deprimidos (p<0,001). Ao fim de três meses de acompanhamento essas diferenças tinham desaparecido, mas pacientes que inicialmente tinham sintomas depressivos leves passaram a ter escores mais altos no HAM-D do que os não-deprimidos (p=0,015), e escores mais baixos nas subescalas de atenção e memória da DRS (p<0,01) do que os pacientes tratados com citalopram. O tratamento associou-se a melhora de humor, memória e atenção, e demonstra que é necessário um estudo controlado com placebo para o tratamento de sintomas depressivos leves