Life cycle of Amblyomma mixtum (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing different hosts under laboratory conditions.

Amblyomma mixtum is a tick species in the Amblyomma cajennense complex. The known geographic range of A. mixtum extends from Texas in theUSAto western Ecuador and some islands in the Caribbean. Amblyomma mixtum is a vector of disease agents of veterinary and public health importance. The objective of this study was to describe the life cycle of A. mixtum under laboratory conditions. Bovines, rabbits and sheep were infested with larvae, nymphs, and adult ticks under controlled conditions to assess several biological parameters. Eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults were kept in an incubator (27 C temperature and 80% relative humidity) when they were off the host. The average life cycle of A. mixtum was 88 and 79 days when fed on rabbits and cattle, respectively. Sheep were found to be unsuitable because no ticks attached. The rabbit is a more practical host to maintain a colony of A. mixtum under laboratory conditions. The data from this study can be considered as an example for the life cycle of A. mixtum. However, caution must be exercised when making comparisons to the biology of A. mixtum in its natural habitat

Pre-germination techniques for ?faveira? in lots of different provenances as subsidy to standardization and commercialization.

Abstract: The native seed market in Brazil is recent, requires organization, and its governance is important, to approve resources? quality and origin from taken resources. Widely ranged, Enterolobium schomburgkii was chosen, to sign use of simple techniques to evaluate seeds production. For the assessment of initial growth (germination and emergency), packages of three different provenances seeds (Alta Floresta, Sinop and Xingu-Araguaia) were evaluated, in two environmental conditions (controlled/Mangelsdorf/30 °C and seedbed/open area/room temperature) and four dormancy breaks (CTEA18, CTEA4, ELX, EA18), four samples with 25 seeds, in factorial design. Variables as germination/plant growth and GSR were evaluated with non-parametrical tests. Provenances were different: germination/plant growth was affected by all studied characters; meanwhile GSR, except environment. Both these characters are applied to evaluate plant vigour, important information to packages availability; or else, bigger will be GSR, higher will be seed growth speed, more environmentally adaptable will be the seed pack. Concerning dormancy, ELX, although laborious, was more consistent than other techniques, factor connected to provenances, due to variability of species distribution. Considering its wide range, physical dormancy break by sandpaper scarification was efficient. Thus, new studies are needed, in order to ensure robustness to the currently known recommendations. | Resumo: O setor de sementes nativas no Brasil é recente, necessita de organização, e a sua regulamentação é importante, ao garantir qualidade e origem dos recursos utilizados. De ampla distribuição, Enterolobiumschomburgkiifoi escolhida, a fim de evidenciar o uso de técnicas simples na avaliação da produção de sementes. Para os estudos de crescimento inicial (germinação e emergência), foram utilizados lotes de três procedências (Alta Floresta, Sinope Xingu-Araguaia), duas condições (controlado/Mangelsdorf/30 °C e canteiro/aberto/temperatura ambiente) e quatro quebras de dormência (CTEA18, CTEA4, ELX, EA18), com quatro repetições de 25 sementes, em delineamento fatorial. Variáveis como germinação/emergência e IVG foram estudadas, usando testes não paramétricos. Houve variação entre as procedências: a germinação/emergência é afetada por todos os caracteres avaliados; enquanto o IVG, exceto pelo ambiente. Estas duas variáveis normalmente são utilizadas para expressar o vigor do material, informação importante para a avaliação dos lotes; ou seja, quanto maior o IVG, maior a velocidade de germinação, mais adaptável ambientalmente será o lote. Com relação à dormência, ELX foi consistente com relação às outras metodologias, fator também conectado às próprias procedências, por questões de variabilidade da distribuição da espécie. Considerando a ampla distribuição, a superação física de dormência por meio da escarificação com lixa se mostrou eficiente. Porém, novos estudos são necessários, a fim de garantir robustez às recomendações atualmente conhecidas. | Resumen: El mercado de semillas nativas en Brasil es reciente, requiere organización y su gobernanza es importante para aprobar la calidad de los recursos y el origen de los recursos tomados. Se eligió Enterolobium schomburgkii, de amplia distribución, para señalarel uso de técnicas simples para evaluar la producción de semillas. Para la evaluación del crecimiento inicial (germinación y emergencia) se evaluaron paquetes de semillas de tres procedencias diferentes (Alta Floresta, Sinop y Xingu-Araguaia), en dos condiciones ambientales (controlada/Mangelsdorf/30 °C y semillero/área abierta/cuarto temperatura) y cuatro rupturas de latencia (CTEA18, CTEA4, ELX, EA18), cuatro muestras con 25 semillas, en diseño factorial. Variables como germinación/crecimiento de plantasy GSR fueron evaluadas con pruebas no paramétricas. Las procedencias fueron diferentes: la germinación/crecimiento de la planta se vio afectada por todos los caracteres estudiados; mientras tanto GSR, excepto medio ambiente. Ambos caracteres se aplican para evaluar el vigor de la planta, información importante para la disponibilidad de paquetes; o bien, mayor será el GSR, mayor será la velocidad de crecimiento de la semilla, más adaptable ambientalmente será el paquete de semillas. En cuanto a la latencia,ELX, aunque laborioso, fue más consistente que otras técnicas, factor relacionado con las procedencias, debido a la variabilidad en la distribución de las especies. Teniendo en cuenta su amplio rango, la ruptura de la latencia física por escarificación con papel de lija fue eficiente. Por lo tanto, se necesitan nuevos estudios para garantizar la solidez de las recomendaciones actualmente conocidas

Evidence of acaricide resistance in different life stages of Amblyomma mixtum and Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from the same farm in the state of Veracruz, Mexico.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the resistance of Amblyomma mixtum and Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from co-infested bovines from the Veracruz region in Mexico to different acaricide families and to demonstrate the viability of the packet test on different A. mixtum instars. The following acaricide families were used: a combination (cypermethrin 15 g+chlorpyrifos 25 g+citronella 1 g+butoxide piperonyl 15 g), amidine (formamidine 12.5 g), pyrethroid (cypermethrin 15 g), and organophosphate (dichlorvos 60 g+chlorpyrifos 20 g). Regarding the packet test in both species, resistance was found for the pyrethroid and amidine families in A. mixtum and R. microplus, as efficacy did not surpass 40 %, including in immature instars; regarding the adult immersion test in R. microplus, the efficacy was 93.3 % for the amidine family and 26.2 % for the pyrethroid family. The proposed methodology is an alternative technique to optimize resistance detection in immature ticks with a heteroxenous life cycle

Produção de serapilheira como bioindicador de recuperação em plantio adensado de revegetação

Litter deposition pattern was applied as bioindicator to compare sites at different successional stages with a dense restoration plantation. Litter traps (0.25 m2) were used and a production of 10.17 Mg ha-1 year-1 was obtained for secondary forest similar to a medium sector in the restoration area (8.98 Mg ha-1 year-1). Lower (5.85 Mg ha-1 year-1), upper (5.81 Mg ha-1 year -1), and bush (5.63 Mg ha-1 year-1) land production were similar to litter deposition values obtained from disturbed forests. Despite the need of more comparative parameters, litter deposition can be applied as restoration bioindicator

Native forest seeds as an income generator within the forest landscape restoration chain.

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