On the Trace Anomaly and the Anomaly Puzzle in N=1 Pure Yang-Mills

The trace anomaly of the energy-momentum tensor is usually quoted in the form which is proportional to the beta function of the theory. However, there are in general many definitions of gauge couplings depending on renormalization schemes, and hence many beta functions. In particular, N=1 supersymmetric pure Yang-Mills has the holomorphic gauge coupling whose beta function is one-loop exact, and the canonical gauge coupling whose beta function is given by the Novikov-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov beta function. In this paper, we study which beta function should appear in the trace anomaly in N=1 pure Yang-Mills. We calculate the trace anomaly by employing the N=4 regularization of N=1 pure Yang-Mills. It is shown that the trace anomaly is given by one-loop exact form if the composite operator appearing in the trace anomaly is renormalized in a preferred way. This result gives the simplest resolution to the anomaly puzzle in N=1 pure Yang-Mills. The most important point is to examine in which scheme the quantum action principle is valid, which is crucial in the derivation of the trace anomaly.Comment: 25 pages, 1 figure; v2:slight correction in sec.5, minor addition in appendi

A subnational analysis of Japanese direct investment in Canada

This study examines longitudinal aspects of Japanese foreign direct investment in Canada. In looking at the longitudinal aspects, the focus was on a descriptive analysis of entry and exit rates and on an econometric analysis of the determinants of subsidiary survival and exit. In these analyses, we find that exit rates are related to subsidiary-level variables such as business size, expatriate employment levels, equity-ownership levels, and entry mode. The sector and region in which the investments are made is also related to subsidiary survival, with manufacturing-sector subsidiaries located in Ontario being the least likely to exit. The results of our study suggest that region and industry interact both to draw investment to a region and to influence the likelihood of survival of foreign-owned businesses. Furthermore, the focus an regional issues for Canada shows that even within a small open economy subnational (interprovincial) variance can have important effects on the characteristics and performance of foreign direct investment

Perspectives on ‘Demography at the edge’

The intent of this book is to examine the relationships between ‘remoteness’ and the demographic characteristics of populations who live in remote areas. It is concerned with the remote parts of developed nations, and so it faces the challenges of demographic research at the sub-national level. The grand theories of demography have been developed around observations of human populations at the national or supra-national scale. While propositions such as the demographic transitions are not universally accepted, they have proven very useful for researchers and policy makers concerned with the characteristics of relatively large populations (Burch 2003). Far less attention has been paid to formal or behavioural demography as it applies to smaller (particularly sub-national), more dynamic and more open populations (Swanson 2004). There are numerous studies about such populations, but they tend to be concerned with data quality issues, methods of data analysis and the production of localised descriptions of population characteristics (see, for example, Wilson and Bell 2004, Wilson and Rees 2005). Processes of industrialisation and post-industrialisation have effected how regional populations change and how they interact with one another (Pierson1998). A focus on migration, including models of rural-to-urban migration and counter-urbanisation (Bosworth 2008) has been a main feature of sub-national demography. Population changes have been interpreted in the light of theories of economic development such as the staples thesis and various core-periphery models (Barnes et al. 2001). Overall, however, there have been few attempts to synthesise knowledge about how sub-national populations work into general models, despite calls for attention to the issue over at least the past two decades (McNicoll 1992)

Settlements at the Edge: Remote human settlements in developed nations

Settlements at the Edge examines the evolution, characteristics, functions and shifting economic basis of settlements in sparsely populated areas of developed nations. With a focus on demographic change, the book features theoretical and applied cases which explore the interface between demography, economy, well-being and the environment. This book offers a comprehensive and insightful knowledge base for understanding the role of population in shaping the development and histories of northern sparsely populated areas of developed nations including Alaska (USA), Australia, Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Finland and other nations with territories within the Arctic Circle.

Building Organizational Insight: Strategy and Organization

In this chapter we focus on the organizational insight as a pivotal element in understanding the processes required to realize and achieve interrelationships among businesses. We devote particular attention to the element of synergy creation, horizontal strategy, and organizational coordination mechanisms. We do so, because at the corporate level, the development, or expansion, toward new businesses recalls the need for an organizational adaptation. Following Porter (\u201cCompetitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance,\u201d Free Press, New York, 1985), among the possible sources of competitive advantage, lies the potential to develop interrelationships because of the different businesses or products that exist in the organization. Organizations shall therefore aim at developing interrelationships in order to allow the firm to avail of synergies, focusing on horizontal strategies to develop and maintain a competitive advantage. The organizational context\u2014in terms of design, culture, and behavior\u2014can motivate the organization to pursue interrelationships beyond other mere combinations of businesses, as synergies can produce a combined return on resources that is greater than the sum of individual parts

SMEs De- or Re-Organising knowledge when outsourcing?

A growing number of Danish manufacturing companies feel compelled to offshore greater or smaller parts of their organisation. Drawing on organisational theory and, the concept of knowledge governance, this paper examines two SMEs in the textile and the furniture sector, highlighting the knowledge-management intersection. The two case studies show one SME reorganising its processes and integrating knowledge through a mainly captive knowledge governance set-up; the other deorganises, disintegrates and, to a certain extent, “compensates” with virtual organisational elements: exercising knowledge governance through IT systems as well as through the establishment of an offshored physical intermediary control element. Furthermore, both case companies work with so-called soft knowledge governance approaches, in one case through the introduction of CSR in the new captive setup, and in the other case through the specific selection of new suppliers and their capability/competence building over time. Organisation design approaches would focus on the initial diagnosis, choice and implementation of a “new” organisation. However, the organisations studied, experience emergent organisational design elements over time. Furthermore, they are involved in dynamically tackling the learning of the organisational players as well as the dynamics of their relationships with cooperating partners regarding maintaining and developing their innovation capability. To manage these challenges, both case companies choose to revisit the organisational design elements and reconfigure their organisational design set-up, indicating a need to reinstate the classic design components along with a more dynamic perspective