27,828 research outputs found
Spokes cluster: The search for the quiescent gas
Context. Understanding the role of fragmentation is one of the most important
current questions of star formation. To better understand the process of star
and cluster formation, we need to study in detail the physical structure and
properties of the parental molecular cloud. The Spokes cluster, or NGC 2264 D,
is a rich protostellar cluster where previous N2H+(1-0) observations of its
dense cores presented linewidths consistent with supersonic turbulence.
However, the fragmentation of the most massive of these cores appears to have a
scale length consistent with that of the thermal Jeans length, suggesting that
turbulence was not dominant. Aims. These two results probe different density
regimes. Our aim is to determine if there is subsonic or less-turbulent gas
(than previously reported) in the Spokes cluster at higher densities. Methods.
We present APEX N2H+(3-2) and N2D+(3-2) observations of the NGC2264-D region to
measure the linewidths and the deuteration fraction of the higher density gas.
The critical densities of the selected transitions are more than an order of
magnitude higher than that of N2H+(1-0). Results. We find that the N2H+(3-2)
and N2D+(3-2) emission present significantly narrower linewidths than the
emission from N2H+(1-0) for most cores. In two of the spectra, the nonthermal
component is close (within 1-sigma) to the sound speed. In addition, we find
that the three spatially segregated cores, for which no protostar had been
confirmed show the highest levels of deuteration. Conclusions. These results
show that the higher density gas, probed with N2H+ and N2D+(3-2), reveals more
quiescent gas in the Spokes cluster than previously reported. More high-angular
resolution interferometric observations using high-density tracers are needed
to truly assess the kinematics and substructure within NGC2264-D. (Abridged)Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. Accepted in A&
Symmetry groupoids and admissible vector fields for coupled cell networks
The space of admissible vector fields, consistent with the structure of a network of coupled dynamical systems, can be specified in terms of the network's symmetry groupoid. The symmetry groupoid also determines the robust patterns of synchrony in the network â those that arise because of the network topology. In particular, synchronous cells can be identified in a canonical manner to yield a quotient network. Admissible vector fields on the original network induce admissible vector fields on the quotient, and any dynamical state of such an induced vector field can be lifted to the original network, yielding an analogous state in which certain sets of cells are synchronized. In the paper, necessary and sufficient conditions are specified for all admissible vector fields on the quotient to lift in this manner. These conditions are combinatorial in nature, and the proof uses invariant theory for the symmetric group. Also the symmetry groupoid of a quotient is related to that of the original network, and it is shown that there is a close analogy with the usual normalizer symmetry that arises in group-equivariant dynamics
Photoinduced Floquet topological magnons in Kitaev magnets
We study periodically driven pure Kitaev model and ferromagnetic phase of the
Kitaev-Heisenberg model on the honeycomb lattice by off-resonant linearly and
circularly-polarized lights at zero magnetic field. Using a combination of
linear spin wave and Floquet theories, we show that the effective
time-independent Hamiltonians in the off-resonant regime map onto the
corresponding anisotropic static spin model, plus a tunable photoinduced
magnetic field along the direction, which precipitates Floquet
topological magnons and chiral magnon edge modes. They are tunable by the light
amplitude and polarization. Similarly, we show that the thermal Hall effect
induced by the Berry curvature of the Floquet topological magnons can also be
tuned by the laser field. Our results pave the way for ultrafast manipulation
of topological magnons in irradiated Kitaev magnets, and could play a pivotal
role in the investigation of ultrafast magnon spin current generation in Kitaev
materials.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures + Supplemental Materia
Angiotensin II and VEGF are Involved in Angiogenesis Induced by Short-Term Exercise Training
Results from our laboratory have suggested a pathway involving angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in angiogenesis induced by electrical stimulation. The present study investigated if similar mechanisms underlie the angiogenesis induced by short-term exercise training. Seven days before training and throughout the training period, male Sprague-Dawley rats received either captopril or losartan in their drinking water. Rats underwent a 3-day treadmill training protocol. The tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles were harvested under anesthesia and lightly fixed in formalin (vessel density) or frozen in liquid nitrogen (VEGF expression). In controls, treadmill training resulted in a significant increase in vessel density in all muscles studied. However, the angiogenesis induced by exercise was completely blocked by either losartan or captopril. Western blot analysis showed that VEGF expression was increased in the exercised control group, and both losartan and captopril blocked this increase. The role of VEGF was directly confirmed using a VEGF-neutralizing antibody. These results confirm the role of angiotensin II and VEGF in angiogenesis induced by exercise
Pollination by flies, bees, and beetles of Nuphar ozarkana and N. advena (Nymphaeaceae)
Nuphar comprises 13 species of aquatic perennials distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The European species N. lutea and N. pumila in Norway, the Netherlands, and Germany are pollinated by bees and flies, including apparent Nuphar specialists. This contrasts with reports of predominant beetle pollination in American N. advena and N. polysepala. We studied pollination in N. ozarkana in Missouri and N. advena in Texas to assess whether (1) there is evidence of pollinator shifts associated with floral-morphological differences between Old World and New World species as hypothesized by Padgett, Les, and Crow (American Journal of Botany 86: 1316â1324. 1999) and (2) whether beetle pollination characterizes American species of Nuphar. Ninety-seven and 67% of flower visits in the two species were by sweat bees, especially Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) nelumbonis. Syrphid fly species visiting both species were Paragus sp., Chalcosyrphus metallicus, and Toxomerus geminatus. The long-horned leaf beetle Donacia piscatrix was common on leaves and stems of N. ozarkana but rarely visited flowers. Fifteen percent of visits to N. advena flowers were by D. piscatrix and D. texana. The beetlesâ
role as pollinators was investigated experimentally by placing floating mesh cages that excluded flies and bees over N. advena buds about to open and adding beetles. Beetles visited 40% of the flowers in cages, and flowers that received visits had 69% seed set, likely due to beetle-mediated geitonogamy of 1st-d flowers. Experimentally outcrossed 1st-d flowers had 62% seed set, and open-pollinated flowers 76%; 2nd-d selfed or outcrossed flowers had low seed sets (9 and 12%, respectively). Flowers are strongly protogynous and do not self spontaneously. Flowers shielded from pollinators set no seeds. A comparison of pollinator spectra in the two Old World and three New World Nuphar species studied so far suggests that the relative contribution of flies, bees, and beetles to pollen transfer in any one population depends more on these insectsâ relative abundances (and in the case of Donacia, presence) and alternative food sources than on stamen length differences between Old World and New World pond-lilies
A dense micro-cluster of Class 0 protostars in NGC 2264 D-MM1
We present sensitive and high angular resolution (~1") 1.3 mm continuum
observations of the dusty core D-MM1 in the Spokes cluster in NGC 2264 using
the Submillimeter Array. A dense micro-cluster of seven Class 0 sources was
detected in a 20" x 20" region with masses between 0.4 to 1.2 solar masses and
deconvolved sizes of about 600 AU. We interpret the 1.3 mm emission as arising
from the envelopes of the Class 0 protostellar sources. The mean separation of
the 11 known sources (SMA Class 0 and previously known infrared sources) within
D-MM1 is considerably smaller than the characteristic spacing between sources
in the larger Spokes cluster and is consistent with hierarchical thermal
fragmentation of the dense molecular gas in this region.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letter
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