Wittgenstein et la reconnaissance d’Autrui (entre perception et concept)

Le but essentiel de cet article est d’analyser la notion de « relation intersubjective » chez Wittgenstein. En particulier, nous nous proposons de découvrir si le philosophe aborde la relation Moi-Autrui en termes épistémiques, c’est-à-dire dans une dimension conceptuelle, ou s’il déplace la question sur une dimension différente. À ce propos, nous montrons que, loin d’être considérée au niveau épistémique de la connaissance conceptuelle, la relation Moi-Autrui est déplacée par Wittgenstein au niveau pratique anthropologique de la reconnaissance (niveau des jeux de langage). Une reconnaissance immédiate, c’est-à-dire sans la médiation du raisonnement, remplace chez le philosophe la perspective traditionnelle cartésienne d’une attitude conceptuelle et d’interprétation de l’autre

Depsicologizzare la psicologia. L'analisi del mentale in Brentano e in Wittgenstein

peer reviewe

Concettualismo e non concettualismo in Ludwig Wittgenstein

Cette thèse analyse l'antithèse conceptualisme/non conceptualisme a l'intérieur de la pensée wittgensteinienne. La question renvoie au débat contemporain sur le contenu non conceptuel et n'est pas présente en ces termes chez Wittgenstein. Toutefois, les observations du philosophe fournissent plusieurs indications pour résoudre (ou mieux, "dissoudre") des difficultés conceptuelles a la base de ce débat. La question du contenu non conceptuel peut être synthétisée de la manière suivante: est-ce que le contenu de la perception est de nature conceptuelle ou bien de nature non conceptuelle? Wittgenstein nous conduit a un déplacement du problème: plutôt que d'enquêter sur la détermination de la nature du contenu perceptif, nous nous interrogeons sur le si et sur le quand il est possible de parler de "contenu". Et l' enseignement de Wittgenstein est celui-ci: la seule notion de 'contenu' qui peut être employée positivement est une notion expérientielle, inséparable de la dimension du vécu.PARIS1-BU Pierre Mendès-France (751132102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometric Confirmatory Method for Determining Aflatoxin M1 in Cow Milk. Comparison Between Electrospray and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Sources

A liquid chromatography/electrospray (ESI)–tandem mass spectrometric method for the measurement of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk is described. Milk sample after protein precipitation with acetone was cleaned-up with a Carbograph-4 cartridge. Performances of the ESI source were compared with those of the atmospheric pressure photoionization source (APPI). Although a method quantification limit (MQL) of 6 ng/kg could be achieved operating with APPI source with respect to an MQL of 12 ng/kg with ESI, all the other performances being similar, then ESI was preferred as being more robust and widespread at present

Determination of type B tricothecenes and macrocyclic lactone mycotoxins in field contaminated maize.

A sensitive, reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for determining some commonly found mycotoxins produced by Fusarium strains in maize was evaluated and applied to field samples. The selected substances were: trichothecenes B (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and some macrocyclic lactones (zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol, zearalanone, alpha- and beta-zearalanol). Analytes were extracted from a 1 g sample by homogenization with acetonitrile/water (75:25, v/v, 25 mL final volume). 5 mL of crude extracts was cleaned-up on Carbograph-4 cartridges. Two fractions were obtained and were analyzed by HPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative mode. Recoveries for spiked maize samples were in the range 79-106% and method detection limits (MDLs) were <= 6 ng/g for all compounds, except fusarenon X (12 ng/g). 25 random maize samples were analyzed both by the ELISA-based methods specific for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and by this method for trichothecenes B and macrocyclic lactones. Results were comparable for zearalenone (R-2 = 0.982), but disagreed for deoxynivalenol. Finally, a total of 78 freshly harvested maize samples, collected from central and northern Italy during 2002, and divided in two different experiments, were analyzed by the developed method. Data show that there exists a phenomenon of random contamination from the target fusariotoxins just before harvest and an increase of trichothecene B and zearalenone abundance on field crop possibly related to damp climate, temperature range and delayed harvest period. Deoxynivalenol was the most abundant (up to 3430 ng/g) and frequent mycotoxin (40%) detected, followed by acetyldeoxynivalenol. Derivatives of zearalenone were present in traces and (beta-zearalanol was never found

Automated On-line Solid-Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Ochratoxin in Wine and Beer

An automated on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography- electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in alcoholic beverages. Mean recoveries for wine and beer were, respectively, 75 and 82%. Detection was achieved in negative ionization with a Q TRAP mass spectrometer operating in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode or enhanced product ion (EPI) mode, using the third quadrupole as linear ion trap. The MRM mode turned out to be more sensitive; the method allowed accurate determination of OTA in the range of 0.01-25 ng ml-1 using external calibration. Within-day and between-day relative standard deviation percentages were <6.2 and <9.1%, respectively. In EPI mode, fragmentation spectra at the limit of quantification (0.03 ng mL-1) and good linearity could be obtained. Application of the method (MRM mode) to the analysis of several wine and beer samples purchased in local stores revealed OTA levels in the ranges of 0.03-1.44 ng mL -1 for wines and 0.02-0.14 ng mL-1 for beers

Organization and Activity of Italian Echocardiographic Laboratories: A Survey of the Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging

Background: The Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging (SIECVI) conducted a national survey to understand better how different echocardiographic modalities are used and accessed in Italy. Methods: We analyzed echocardiography laboratory activities over a month (November 2022). Data were retrieved via an electronic survey based on a structured questionnaire, uploaded on the SIECVI website. Results: Data were obtained from 228 echocardiographic laboratories: 112 centers (49%) in the northern, 43 centers (19%) in the central, and 73 (32%) in the southern regions. During the month of observation, we collected 101,050 transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) examinations performed in all centers. As concern other modalities there were performed 5497 transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examinations in 161/228 centers (71%); 4057 stress echocardiography (SE) examinations in 179/228 centers (79%); and examinations with ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) in 151/228 centers (66%). We did not find significant regional variations between the different modalities. The usage of picture archiving and communication system (PACS) was significantly higher in the northern (84%) versus central (49%) and southern (45%) centers (P &lt; 0.001). Lung ultrasound (LUS) was performed in 154 centers (66%), without difference between cardiology and noncardiology centers. The evaluation of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction was evaluated mainly using the qualitative method in 223 centers (94%), occasionally with the Simpson method in 193 centers (85%), and with selective use of the three-dimensional (3D) method in only 23 centers (10%). 3D TTE was present in 137 centers (70%), and 3D TEE in all centers where TEE was done (71%). The assessment of LV diastolic function was done routinely in 80% of the centers. Right ventricular function was evaluated using tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in all centers, using tricuspid valve annular systolic velocity by tissue Doppler imaging in 53% of the centers, and using fractional area change in 33% of the centers. When we divided into cardiology (179, 78%) and noncardiology (49, 22%) centers, we found significant differences in the SE (93% vs. 26%, P &lt; 0.001), TEE (85% vs. 18%), UCA (67% vs. 43%, P &lt; 0001), and STE (87% vs. 20%, P &lt; 0.001). The incidence of LUS evaluation was similar between the cardiology and noncardiology centers (69% vs. 61%, P = NS). Conclusions: This nationwide survey demonstrated that digital infrastructures and advanced echocardiography modalities, such as 3D and STE, are widely available in Italy with a notable diffuse uptake of LUS in the core TTE examination, a suboptimal diffusion of PACS recording, and conservative use of UCA, 3D, and strain. There are significant differences between northern and central-southern regions and echocardiographic laboratories that pertain to the cardiac unit. This inhomogeneous distribution of technology represents one of the main issues that must be solved to standardize the practice of echocardiography

Stress Echocardiography in Italian Echocardiographic Laboratories: A Survey of the Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging

Background: The Italian Society of Echography and Cardiovascular Imaging (SIECVI) conducted a national survey to understand the volumes of activity, modalities and stressors used during stress echocardiography (SE) in Italy. Methods: We analyzed echocardiography laboratory activities over a month (November 2022). Data were retrieved through an electronic survey based on a structured questionnaire, uploaded on the SIECVI website. Results: Data were obtained from 228 echocardiographic laboratories, and SE examinations were performed in 179 centers (80.6%): 87 centers (47.5%) were in the northern regions of Italy, 33 centers (18.4%) were in the central regions, and 61 (34.1%) in the southern regions. We annotated a total of 4057 SE. We divided the SE centers into three groups, according to the numbers of SE performed: &lt;10 SE (low-volume activity, 40 centers), between 10 and 39 SE (moderate volume activity, 102 centers) and &gt;= 40 SE (high volume activity, 37 centers). Dipyridamole was used in 139 centers (77.6%); exercise in 120 centers (67.0%); dobutamine in 153 centers (85.4%); pacing in 37 centers (21.1%); and adenosine in 7 centers (4.0%). We found a significant difference between the stressors used and volume of activity of the centers, with a progressive increase in the prevalence of number of stressors from low to high volume activity (P = 0.033). The traditional evaluation of regional wall motion of the left ventricle was performed in all centers, with combined assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) in 90 centers (50.3%): there was a significant difference in the centers with different volume of SE activity: the incidence of analysis of CFVR was significantly higher in high volume centers compared to low - moderate - volume (32.5%, 41.0% and 73.0%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). The lung ultrasound (LUS) was assessed in 67 centers (37.4%). Furthermore for LUS, we found a significant difference in the centers with different volume of SE activity: significantly higher in high volume centers compared to low - moderate - volume (25.0%, 35.3% and 56.8%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: This nationwide survey demonstrated that SE was significantly widespread and practiced throughout Italy. In addition to the traditional indication to coronary artery disease based on regional wall motion analysis, other indications are emerging with an increase in the use of LUS and CFVR, especially in high-volume centers