Generalized form of exponential wormhole metric

In this work we have formulated a general exponential wormhole metric. Here initially we have considered a exponential wormhole metric in which the temporal component is an exponential function of $r$ but the spatial components of the metrics are fixed as a particular function $e^{\frac{2m}{r}+2\alpha r}$. Following that, we have constructed a generalised exponential wormhole metric in which the spatial component is an exponential function of $r$ but the temporal component is fixed as a particular function given by $e^{-\frac{2m}{r}-2\alpha r}$. Finally we have considered exponential metric in which both the temporal and spatial components are generalised exponential function of $r$. We have also studied some of their properties including throat radius, energy conditions, the metric in curvature coordinates, effective refractive index, ISCO and photon sphere, Regge-Wheeler potential and determined the curvature tensor. The radius of the throat is found to be consistent with the properties of wormholes, which are given by $r=m$, $r = \frac{-1+\sqrt{1+4\alpha m}}{2\alpha}$, $r=\frac{-1+\sqrt{1+8\alpha m}}{4\alpha}$...etc. Most interestingly, their throat radius is same for the same spatial component and the same range of values of $m$. In addition to these they also violate Null Energy Condition(NEC) near the throat

Study of exponential wormhole metric in f(R)f(R) gravity

In this work, we have studied an "exponential form" of spacetime metric: \begin{equation*} ds^2 = -e^{-\frac{2m}{r}}dt^2 +e^{\frac{2m}{r}}dr^2 + e^{\frac{2m}{r}}[r^2 d\theta^2 + r^2 \sin^2\theta d\phi^2] \end{equation*} in some of the viable $f(R)$ gravity models, viz. exponential gravity model, Starobinsky gravity model, Tsujikawa model and Gogoi-Goswami f(R) gravity model. Here we have calculated the parameters including energy density, tangential and radial pressure for these corresponding models of $f(R)$ gravity. Subsequently we have investigated the energy conditions viz. null energy condition(NEC), weak energy condition(WEC) and strong energy condition(SEC) for the considered models. We have also explained the suitable conditions of energy for these models by related plots

Morphological characterisation of rice accessions of semi deep water ecology

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the magnitude and nature of genetic variability of 569 rice germplasm accessions with semi deep water ecology, commonly known as asra, at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Karimganj, Assam Agricultural University, Assam (India). These accessions were recognised as having flood tolerant characteristics. The first five principal components explained approximately 76.71% of the total variation.Principal component analysis revealed that traits such as number of panicles per hill, spikelet fertility, days to 50% flowering, number of chaffs per panicle, and plant height were the principal discriminatory quantitative traits. It is recommended that the genetic variation prevailing in the assessed asra rice germplasm accessions can be efficiently utilised for the enhancement of the genetic gain. The divergent extreme phenotypes in the accession can also be utilised to develop the mapping population for the identification of quantitative trait loci for flood tolerance. The rice accessions were grouped into three different clusters for both quantitative and qualitative traits. The hybridization among the selected germplasm of different clusters is expected to produce the maximum number of transgressive segregants. This will lead to area expansion with higher productivity of this crop in predominantly flood prone areas

MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE POTENTIATES THE CONTRACTION OF THE VISCERAL SMOOTH MUSCLE OF DUODENUM BY AUGMENTING THE ACTIVITY OF INTRINSIC CHOLINERGIC EFFERENTS, INDUCING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND PROLIFERATING SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the contraction of visceral smooth muscle (VSM) of the duodenum in a rat model to understand the MSG-induced impairment of the function of the small intestine. Methods: Male albino rats of Charles Foster strain were exposed with MSG at three different dosages (632, 1264, and 2528 mg/kg BW/day) for 30-day duration. The records of the contraction of the duodenum were achieved with isotonic transducer (IT-2245) coupled with RMS-Polyrite D by our standard laboratory protocol. Results: We have observed potentiation of contraction of duodenum ex vivo dose-dependently in MSG exposed groups of rats compared to control. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in VSM tissue homogenate and expression of AChE protein in fixed duodenal muscle cell layers have been decreased in a dosage response manner comparing to control rats. We have found a significant decrease in the activities of some antioxidant enzymes such as Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-s-transferase, and increase in the level of malondialdehyde in MSG exposed VSM tissue homogenate of the duodenum. We have also observed thickening of muscularis externa layer and increase in the number of muscle cells in circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the duodenal wall in transverse duodenal wall sections stained with eosin-hematoxylin. Conclusion: MSG potentiates the contraction of VSM of duodenum by augmenting the activity of intrinsic cholinergic efferents predominantly, and inducing oxidative stress and proliferating smooth muscle cells

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE INCIDENCE OF FISH DISEASES AND USE OF THERAPEUTANTS IN AQUACULTURE FARMS OF MOYNA, THE ‘FISHERIES HUB’ OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA

The present study depicts the disease incidences in the aqua farms of Moyna, West Bengal, India, during 2018- 2020 and aqua-drugs used by farmers to combat diseases. A total of 132 fish disease incidences were reported, among which parasitic diseases were the most common (53.03%) followed by bacterial diseases (27.27%), diseases due to poor nutrition and environmental fluctuations (10.61%), and fungal diseases (9.09%), respectively. Out of the 53.03% parasitic disease incidences reported, Argulus (22.86%), Dactylogyrus (17.14%), Gyrodactylus (10.00%), Myxospores (10.00%), Lernaea (8.57%), Ichthyophthirius (5.71%) and Trichodina (4.29%) were the major disease-causing parasites. Among bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. were the most dominant genera encountered in diseased fish. Labeo catla was the most susceptible fish species followed by Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala. Seasonal influence in disease occurrence was noticed. Monsoon and winter were favorable seasons for disease outbreaks. The influence of water quality parameters like hardness, pH, ammonia, total dissolved solids of water, and total organic carbon of sediment had a significant correlation with parasite abundance. Farmers of Moyna were observed to use a wide range of chemicals and aqua-drugs to control diseases and related problems. The majority of the fish farms of Moyna were found using feed additives and supplements (32.00%) followed by sanitizers and disinfectants (24.00%), probiotics (17.00%), anti-parasitic drugs (11.00%), antibiotics (8.00%), and other chemicals (20.00%). Lime (calcium carbonate) and zeolite along with sodium chloride, potassium permanganate, formalin, and calcium hypochlorite were extensively used as disinfectants in Moyna. Farmers being unaware of the adverse consequences of using chemicals and aqua-medicines are fully dependent on private aquaculture consultants for time-to-time advice, which may have augmented their indiscriminate use. Initiative for the implementation of better management practices by creating awareness among farmers and adopting strict aquaculture policy guidelines might improve the scenario

Strategies to control invasion of Sailfin Armoured Catfish, Pterygoplichthys spp. in wastewater-fed aquaculture bheries of East Kolkata Wetland, India with suggestion of a modified barrier based on the biological and behavioural characteristics

Sailfin armoured catfish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), an alien invasive species of family Loricariidae has invaded extensively in wastewater-fed large aquaculture ponds (locally called ‘bheries’) of East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW), West Bengal, India. As there is no viable controlling method at present, commonly these fishes are removed by different physical methods and discarded. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness and suitability of different in-practice Pterygoplichthys spp. control methods, based on on-field sampling, biological and behavioural study of the fish and also response analysis of the stakeholder’s of EKW. The results indicate that in-practice eradication efforts, like ‘repeated seine netting’ with or without removal of Eichhornia sheath of the pond periphery and ‘dewatering of pond’ aiming to reduce or eradicate Pterygoplichthys spp., are not fully effective, because of the capture avoidance ability and burrowing habit of these fishes. We found deep and branching burrows of Pterygoplichthys spp. in aquaculture ponds of EKW, with maximum burrow depth of 58 cm, and water in that burrows even after 12 days of dewatering. Hence, it is suggested stakeholders to keep dewatered pond exposed to sunlight for at least four weeks or above to ensure complete water-out from the burrows in which Pterygoplichthys spp. take shelter or lay their eggs. ‘Multilayer bamboo fencing’ or ‘combination of bamboo fencing and net barrier’ use by the stakeholders of EKW to prevent intrusion or re-intrusion of Pterygoplichthys spp. were found only partially effective, because of the capability of these fishes to damage net-blocking through their hard dorsal and pectoral spines or entry through the holes dug across the barrier in beneath or banks of the sewage intake channel. Based on learning on the biological and behavioural characteristics of Pterygoplichthys spp., we then suggested a modified version of barrier to the stakeholder’s of EKW, incorporating a sewage feeder pipeline, a concrete collection chamber with size separation arrangement made of hard materials like wire mesh and a dam of specific dimensions across the channel, for effective prevention of intrusion of these fishes in their aquaculture bheries

Radiotherapy in Ewing’s Sarcoma Family Tumor — experience from North-East India

Introduction. The multimodality management of Ewing’s Sarcoma Family Tumors (ESFT) consists of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by local treatment: surgery, radiotherapy (RT) or a combination of both. The objectives of this study were to analyze disease control and overall survival in patients receiving radiotherapy as local treatment, as part of multimodality management of ESFT at our institute over a period of seven years. Material and methods. This is a retrospective single institutional study. Hospital records were searched for patients with ESFT who received radiotherapy from January, 2012 to December, 2018. Forty-nine patients were found eligible and evaluated with respect to prognostic factors, treatment-related factors and outcomes. Time to event was measured from the date of diagnosis and survival curves were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test for comparison. Results. Median follow up for patients was 18 months (range 3–81 months). Local failure/relapse was associated with worse survival. Five-year local control was 79.1% and overall survival 51.2% in the analyzed cohort. Local control did not differ significantly based on prognostic variables or treatment characteristics. Combined surgery and radiotherapy as local treatment along with good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy were associated with significant improvement in overall survival (p-value < 0.05). Conclusions. Combined modality local treatment with surgery and radiotherapy along with a favorable response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy are associated with improved survival in ESFT. For unresectable tumors, radiotherapy alone remains the optimum local treatment, albeit with inferior survival outcomes

Dynamics of Hot QCD Matter -- Current Status and Developments

The discovery and characterization of hot and dense QCD matter, known as Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), remains the most international collaborative effort and synergy between theorists and experimentalists in modern nuclear physics to date. The experimentalists around the world not only collect an unprecedented amount of data in heavy-ion collisions, at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in New York, USA, and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland but also analyze these data to unravel the mystery of this new phase of matter that filled a few microseconds old universe, just after the Big Bang. In the meantime, advancements in theoretical works and computing capability extend our wisdom about the hot-dense QCD matter and its dynamics through mathematical equations. The exchange of ideas between experimentalists and theoreticians is crucial for the progress of our knowledge. The motivation of this first conference named "HOT QCD Matter 2022" is to bring the community together to have a discourse on this topic. In this article, there are 36 sections discussing various topics in the field of relativistic heavy-ion collisions and related phenomena that cover a snapshot of the current experimental observations and theoretical progress. This article begins with the theoretical overview of relativistic spin-hydrodynamics in the presence of the external magnetic field, followed by the Lattice QCD results on heavy quarks in QGP, and finally, it ends with an overview of experiment results.Comment: Compilation of the contributions (148 pages) as presented in the `Hot QCD Matter 2022 conference', held from May 12 to 14, 2022, jointly organized by IIT Goa & Goa University, Goa, Indi