Software visualisation for object-oriented program comprehension

Software visualisation is the process of modelling software systems for comprehension. The comprehension of software systems both during and after development is a crucial component of the software process. The complex interactions inherent in the object-oriented paradigm make visualisation a particularly appropriate comprehension technique, and the large volume of information typically generated during visualisation necessitates tool support

A comparative evaluation of dynamic visualisation tools

Despite their potential applications in software comprehension, it appears that dynamic visualisation tools are seldom used outside the research laboratory. This paper presents an empirical evaluation of five dynamic visualisation tools - AVID, Jinsight, jRMTool, Together ControlCenter diagrams and Together ControlCenter debugger. The tools were evaluated on a number of general software comprehension and specific reverse engineering tasks using the HotDraw objectoriented framework. The tasks considered typical comprehension issues, including identification of software structure and behaviour, design pattern extraction, extensibility potential, maintenance issues, functionality location, and runtime load. The results revealed that the level of abstraction employed by a tool affects its success in different tasks, and that tools were more successful in addressing specific reverse engineering tasks than general software comprehension activities. It was found that no one tool performs well in all tasks, and some tasks were beyond the capabilities of all five tools. This paper concludes with suggestions for improving the efficacy of such tools

Primijenjena geografija: načela i primjena

An applied geographical approach has the potential to illuminate the nature and causes of a wide range of economic, social and environmental problems, and inform the formulation of appropriate responses. This paper provides an overview of the principles and praxis of applied geography. First we examine the conceptual foundations of applied geography and consider the relationship between pure and applied research, and the concept of useful knowledge. This conceptual discussion is then complemented by empirical case study examples of applied research in the field of urban geography, with particular reference to the key question of quality of life and human wellbeing. Finally, we adopt a prospective perspective to address the question of the value of applied geography in contemporary society.Pristup primijenjene geografije ima mogućnost razjasniti uzroke velikog broja ekonomskih, socijalnih i ekoloških problema, te stvoriti osnovu za njihovo rješavanje. U članku se daje sažeti pregled načela primijenjene geografije te se raspravlja o mogućnostima njene primjene u praksi. Prvi dio rada odnosi se na konceptualnu utemeljenost primijenjene geografije. Također se raspravlja o odnosu između teorijskog i primijenjenog istraživanja, a definiran je i pojam korisnoga znanja. U drugom je dijelu rada prikazana mogućnost primjene geografskog znanja u području urbane geografije. Posebna pažnja posvećena je pitanjima kvalitete života i ljudskog blagostanja. Završno je prikazano značenje primijenjene geografije u suvremenom društvu

Comparative Studies for the Assessment of the Quality of Near-Real-Time GPS-Derived Atmospheric Parameters

Abstract Accurate and frequent sampling of atmospheric parameters, such as water vapor, is important for enabling reliable weather forecasts and global climate studies over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Recent developments in global positioning system data processing have allowed the estimation of zenith total delay (ZTD), the delay of the neutral atmosphere, with a high degree of accuracy using continuously operating GPS networks. From this delay integrated water vapor can be derived by means of additional meteorological information, in particular observed pressure or numerical weather prediction model pressure. Comparisons with other independent techniques must be performed to evaluate the quality of atmospheric parameters directly estimated or retrieved from the GPS system. In this work the accuracy of GPS atmospheric parameter, namely, zenith total delay, delivered in near–real time from a European ground-based network of permanent GPS receivers has been assessed. It is compared to other GPS solutions, radiosonde profiles, and High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM)-derived ZTD. Intercomparisons between results from different GPS analysis centers in the framework of the Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity Measurements in Meteorology (TOUGH) project show a mean ZTD station bias at the level of ±6 mm with a related standard deviation of about 7–8 mm. In the comparison with radiosondes, an overall ZTD bias of about 7 mm with a standard deviation of 9 mm is detected. Finally, the comparison of ZTD near–real time against the HIRLAM models has an average bias of about −4.8 mm and a standard deviation of 11.5 mm

Implications of Artificial Intelligence on Leadership in Complex Organizations: An Exploration of the Near Future

This research paper explores the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI), leadership in complex organizations, and the potential implications of AI on top executive roles. Motivated by the rapid advancements in AI technology, the study aims to understand how AI may impact leadership functions within complex organizational structures. The primary problem addressed in this research revolves around the transformative influence of AI on leadership roles, particularly Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). The paper delves into the complexities of redesigning or augmenting the role of a CEO with AI and examines implications of such a paradigm shift. Employing a comprehensive methodology that encompasses various approaches, including a literature review, horizon scanning, stakeholder analysis, industry informant interviews, causal layered analysis, and scenario narratives and worldbuilding. The research outputs include insights into the potential impact of AI on leadership in various futures scenarios, implications for organizational structures, and considerations for navigating this transformative landscape for various stakeholder groups. In conclusion, this paper hopes to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the interplay between AI and leadership in complex organizational settings, emphasizing the importance of navigating the transformative landscape using a balanced approach, providing a foundation for future framework development and considerations in this dynamic field

Risk of intracranial meningioma in patients with acromegaly: a systematic review

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disorder caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) from a pituitary adenoma. Elevated GH levels stimulate excess production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) which leads to the insidious onset of clinical manifestations. The most common primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, meningiomas originate from the arachnoid layer of the meninges and are typically benign and slow-growing. Meningiomas are over twice as common in women as in men, with age-adjusted incidence (per 100,000 individuals) of 10.66 and 4.75, respectively. Several reports describe co-occurrence of meningiomas and acromegaly. We aimed to determine whether patients with acromegaly are at elevated risk for meningioma. Investigation of the literature showed that co-occurrence of a pituitary adenoma and a meningioma is a rare phenomenon, and the majority of cases involve GH-secreting adenomas. To the best of our knowledge, a systematic review examining the association between meningiomas and elevated GH levels (due to GH-secreting adenomas in acromegaly or exposure to exogenous GH) has never been conducted. The nature of the observed coexistence between acromegaly and meningioma -whether it reflects causation or mere co-association -is unclear, as is the pathophysiologic etiology.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022376998

Toronto Homeless Shelters Occupancy Levels & Transit Accessibility

Homelessness in the City of Toronto is an ongoing problem. While the number of homeless seems to have remained steady, the number living on the streets has actually increased (Peat & Chief, 2013). In fact, this past winter of 2014-2015 has seen the deaths of three homeless men as a result of sleeping on the streets during extreme cold weather (Colbert, 2015). As a result of these facts it is necessary to look at options homeless individuals have for obtaining shelter as well as the distance they have to travel to get to a shelter. Our research project has focused on occupancy levels in homeless shelters during “extreme cold weather alert” days in the City of Toronto, as well as access to the homeless shelters using public transit and by walking from various points in Toronto where homeless people spend the day. The goal of this research is to see how accessible homeless shelters are to public transit routes as most homeless individuals will be using public transit or walking to get to the shelters for the night. Also, to look at how accessible the shelters are to spaces homeless individuals stay during the day, such as public libraries and warming centers. Finally, with the recent deaths due to homeless individuals sleeping on the streets during extreme cold weather events, it is necessary to see what the occupancy levels can be at the shelters and if the issue is a shortage of beds or another unrelated issue

Exploring contextual adaptations in caregiver interventions for families raising children with developmental disabilities

There are increasing efforts to scale up services globally for families raising children with developmental disabilities (DDs). Existing interventions, often developed in high income, Western settings, need substantial adaptation before they can be implemented in different contexts.The aim of this study was to explore perspectives on the role that context plays in the adaptation and implementation of interventions targeting caregivers of children with DDs across settings. The study question was applied to the Caregiver Skills Training (CST) programme of the World Health Organization specifically, as well as to stakeholder experiences with caregiver interventions more broadly. Two focus group discussions (FGDs; n=15 participants) and 25 individual semi-structured interviews were conducted. Participants were caregivers of children with DDs and professionals involved in adapting or implementing the CST across five continents and different income settings. Data were analysed thematically.Four main themes were developed: 1) Setting the scene for adaptations; 2) Integrating an intervention into local public services; 3) Understanding the reality of caregivers; 4) Challenges of sustaining an intervention. Informants thought that contextual adaptations were key for the intervention to fit in locally, even more so than cultural factors. The socio-economic context of caregivers, including poverty, was highlighted as heavily affecting service access and engagement with the intervention. Competing health priorities other than DDs, financial constraints, and management of long-term collaborations were identified as barriers. This study validates the notion that attention to contextual factors is an essential part of the adaptation of caregiver interventions for children with DDs, by providing perspectives from different geographical regions. We recommend a stronger policy and research focus on contextual adaptations of interventions and addressing unmet socio-economic needs of caregivers.

Does Accessibility Planning address what matters? A review of current practice and practitioner perspectives

'Accessibility' has become commonplace in transport planning and as such there is a plethora of interpretations of what accessibility means, what constitutes a good measure of accessibility, and how this might be applied in practice. This paper presents an overview of approaches to measuring accessibility and presents a case study of Accessibility Planning in England — one approach to formalising the concept of accessibility. Results of semi-structured interviews with local authority officers are discussed to establish whether current approaches, allow their desired outcomes to be met. This approach demonstrates where there might be gaps between measured or modelled accessibility and the perceptions of the individuals. Findings suggest that while the process is deemed useful in raising the profile of accessibility issues, measures of accessibility do not necessarily easily translate into quantifying benefits of those improvements that are perceived by practitioners to improve accessibility and reduce transport disadvantage