The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Optimization of FSW parameters of AA6061-6 wt.% SiC composite plates

AA6061-SiC composites are the most preferred materials for applications in the automobile and aerospace sector due to their superior properties. The FSW process is one of the novel solid states joining processes that overcome almost all the difficulties of the fusion welding process because the process that operates well below the melting point of the metals to be joined, consumes less energy, environment-friendly, and versatile, no shielding gas or filler metal is used. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, axial force, and tool pin profile play a major role in deciding the joint strength and hardness of the weld zone. Taguchi method was employed in this study to scrutinize the impact of welding processing factors, including rotational, speed, axial load, and pin profile on ultimate tensile strength, microhardness of weld zone. The results reveal that the welded joints produced at 750 rpm of tool rotational speed, the axial load of 6 kN using a square pin tool profile that exhibits higher UTS. The Vickers's hardness of AA6061-6 wt.% SiC composites was found to be superior at tool rotational speed of 900 rpm, the axial force of 6kN using cylindrical tool pin. The ANOVA Findings based on Vickers's hardness are tool profile: 53.84%, tool rotational speed: 20.16%, and axial force: 21.32%

Mechanical and tribological behavior of flyash, red mud and mica particles reinforced Al7075 alloy hybrid metal composites

In the present research Al7075 alloy with 1, 3 and 5 varying weight percentages of flyash, 1, 2 and 3 varying wt.% of red mud along with constant 4 wt.% of mica particles composites were synthesized by stir casting technique. Thus prepared Al7075 alloy composites were subjected to the microstructural characterization using SEM and EDS. Mechanical properties were evaluated to know the impact of multi micro particles addition on the hardness, ultimate strength, yield strength, and ductility behavior of Al7075 alloy composites. Further, wear behavior of the prepared Al7075 alloy with mica, flyash and redmud composites were experimented using pin-on-disc apparatus by varying normal load and sliding velocity at constant 3000 m sliding distance. The improved mechanical properties were observed with the addition of micro scaled flyash, redmud and mica particles, further improvement was attained with the increasing weight percentage of flyash and red mud in the Al7075 matrix alloy. However, there was decrease in the ductility of the composites with an incorporation of hard micro particles in the soft Al matrix. Fractography and worn surface analysis were carried out to know the influence of micro particles on the tensile failure and wear surfaces of the composites