Laminar flow in three-dimensional square-square expansions

In this work we investigate the three-dimensional laminar flow of Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids through square–square expansions. The experimental results obtained in this simple geometry provide useful data for benchmarking purposes in complex three-dimensional flows. Visualizations of the flow patterns were performed using streak photography, the velocity field of the flow was measured in detail using particle image velocimetry and additionally, pressure drop measurements were carried out. The Newtonian fluid flow was investigated for the expansion ratios of 1:2.4, 1:4 and 1:8 and the experimental results were compared with numerical predictions. For all expansion ratios studied, a corner vortex is observed downstream of the expansion and an increase of the flow inertia leads to an enhancement of the vortex size. Good agreement is found between experimental and numerical results. The flow of the two non-Newtonian fluids was investigated experimentally for expansion ratios of 1:2.4, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:12, and compared with numerical simulations using the Oldroyd-B, FENE-MCR and sPTT constitutive equations. For both the Boger and shear-thinning viscoelastic fluids, a corner vortex appears downstream of the expansion, which decreases in size and strength when the elasticity of the flow is increased. For all fluids and expansion ratios studied, the recirculations that are formed downstream of the square–square expansion exhibit a three-dimensional structure evidenced by a helical flow, which is also predicted in the numerical simulations

Three-dimensional flow of Newtonian and Boger fluids in square-square contractions

The flow of a Newtonian fluid and a Boger fluid through sudden square–square contractions was investigated experimentally aiming to characterize the flow and provide quantitative data for benchmarking in a complex three-dimensional flow. Visualizations of the flow patterns were undertaken using streakline photography, detailed velocity field measurementswere conducted using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and pressure drop measurements were performed in various geometries with different contraction ratios. For the Newtonian fluid, the experimental results are compared with numerical simulations performed using a finite volume method, and excellent agreement is found for the range of Reynolds number tested (Re2 ≤23). For the viscoelastic case, recirculations are still present upstream of the contraction but we also observe other complex flow patterns that are dependent on contraction ratio (CR) and Deborah number (De2) for the range of conditions studied: CR = 2.4, 4, 8, 12 and De2 ≤150. For low contraction ratios strong divergent flow is observed upstream of the contraction, whereas for high contraction ratios there is no upstream divergent flow, except in the vicinity of the re-entrant corner where a localized a typical divergent flow is observed. For all contraction ratios studied, at sufficiently high Deborah numbers, strong elastic vortex enhancement upstream of the contraction is observed, which leads to the onset of a periodic complex flow at higher flow rates. The vortices observed under steady flow are not closed, and fluid elasticity was found to modify the flow direction within the recirculations as compared to that found for Newtonian fluids. The entry pressure drop, quantified using a Couette correction, was found to increase with the Deborah number for the higher contraction ratios

Using hierarchical information-theoretic criteria to optimize subsampling of extensive datasets

This paper addresses the challenge of subsampling large datasets, aiming to generate a smaller dataset that retains a significant portion of the original information. To achieve this objective, we present a subsampling algorithm that integrates hierarchical data partitioning with a specialized tool tailored to identify the most informative observations within a dataset for a specified underlying linear model, not necessarily first-order, relating responses and inputs. The hierarchical data partitioning procedure systematically and incrementally aggregates information from smaller-sized samples into new samples. Simultaneously, our selection tool employs Semidefinite Programming for numerical optimization to maximize the information content of the chosen observations. We validate the effectiveness of our algorithm through extensive testing, using both benchmark and real-world datasets. The real-world dataset is related to the physicochemical characterization of white variants of Portuguese Vinho Verde. Our results are highly promising, demonstrating the algorithm's capability to efficiently identify and select the most informative observations while keeping computational requirements at a manageable level

Restructuring Passiflora Cincinnata Fruit Pulp: Influence Of Hydrocolloids [estruturação De Polpa De Passiflora Cincinnata: Influência De Hidrocoloides]

This study evaluated the effect of mixtures of alginate, low methoxy pectin and gelatin on characteristics of P. cincinnata fruit gels, containing pulp with high soluble solids content (50 °Brix). The results of a central composite design showed that the models obtained, except for water activity and pH, were predictive. Gelatin was an important factor affecting firmness and colour parameters since higher concentrations of this hydrocolloid, combined with alginate concentrations greater than 1.3% and pectin quantity up to 1.26%, could be used to obtain clear yellow products with firmness greater that 1.2 kg.311160166(2000) Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, , ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS-AOAC, 17th ed. Arlington: AOACAmeny, M.A., Wilson, P.W., Relationship between hunter color values and beta carotene contents in white-fleshed African sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) (1997) Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 73, pp. 301-306Araújo, F.P., Caracterização de frutos de maracujá do mato (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) cultivado em condições de sequeiro (2002) Congresso Nacional de Botânica, 53, p. 10. , In:, Recife. Resumos... São Paulo: Sociedade Botânica do Brasil, 2002Araújo, F.P., Estratégias para coleta de germoplasma de maracujá do mato (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) (2006) Magistra, 18, pp. 35-37Bruckner, C.H., Picanço, M.C., (2001) Maracujá: Tecnologia de produção, pós-colheita, agroindústria e mercado, , Porto Alegre: Cinco ContinentesCervi, A.C., (1997) Passifloraceae do Brasil. Estudo do gênero Passiflora L., subgênero Passiflora, , Madrid: FontqueiraChirife, J., Buera, M.D.P., Water activity, glass transition and microbial stability in concentrated/semi moisture food systems (1994) Journal of Food Science, 59, pp. 925-927Gill, B.S., Effects of oBrix, sodium alginate and drying temperature on colour, texture and sensory properties of 'ushehari' mango leather (2004) International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 41, pp. 373-378Glicksman, M., The hydrocolloids industry in the 80's-problems and opportunities (1982) Progress in Food and Nutrition Science, 6, pp. 299-321Grizotto, R.K., Otimização via metodologia da superfície de resposta dos parâmetros tecnológicos para produção de fruta estruturada e desidratada a partir de polpa concentrada de mamão (2005) Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 25, pp. 158-164Grizotto, R.K., Technological aspects for restructuring concentrated pineapple pulp (2007) Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie, 5, pp. 759-765Laboissière, L.H.E.S., Effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on sensory characteristics of yellow passion fruit juice (2007) Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 8, pp. 469-477Mancini, F., McHugh, T.H., Fruit-alginate interactions in novel restructured products (2000) Nahrung, 44, pp. 152-157Mouquet, C., Dumas, J.C., Guilbert, S., Texturization of sweetened mango pulp: Optimization using Response Surface Methodology (1992) Journal of Food Science, 6, pp. 1395-1400Nunes, T.S., de Queiroz, L.P., A família Passifloraceae na Chapada da Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil (2001) Sitientibus-Séries Ciências Biológicas, 1, pp. 33-46Olivier, D., Guigou, B., Bouillette, T., (1998) Produit alimentaire reconstitué, procede et mélanger pour sa préparation, , EP 0274301 AlRodrigues, M.I., Iemma, A.F., (2005) Planejamento e otimização de processos: Uma estratégia seqüencial de planejamentos, p. 326. , Campinas: Casa do Pão EditoraTenn, F.E., (1985) Fruit filler for pastry products and process for its preparation, , US 4562080Sass-Kiss, A., Differences in anthocyanin and carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables (2005) Food Research International, 38, pp. 1023-1029(1995) Computer program manual, , STATISTICA for Windows 5.0, Tulsa: StatSoft In

a systematic review and meta-analysis

OKThere is significant evidence linking a 'reward deficiency syndrome' (RDS), comprising decreased availability of striatal dopamine D2-like receptors (DD2lR) and addiction-like behaviors underlying substance use disorders and obesity. Regarding obesity, a systematic review of the literature with a meta-analysis of such data is lacking. Following a systematic review of the literature, we performed random-effects meta-analyses to determine group differences in case-control studies comparing DD2lR between individuals with obesity and non-obese controls and prospective studies of pre- to post-bariatric surgery DD2lR changes. Cohen's d was used to measure effect size. Additionally, we explored factors potentially associated with group differences in DD2lR availability, such as obesity severity, using univariate meta-regression. In a meta-analysis including positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies, striatal DD2lR availability did not significantly differ between obesity and controls. However, in studies comprising patients with class III obesity or higher, group differences were significant, favoring lower DD2lR availability in the obesity group. This effect of obesity severity was corroborated by meta-regressions showing inverse associations between the body mass index (BMI) of the obesity group and DD2lR availability. Post-bariatric changes in DD2lR availability were not found, although a limited number of studies were included in this meta-analysis. These results support lower DD2lR in higher classes of obesity which is a more targeted population to explore unanswered questions regarding the RDS.publishersversionpublishe

Reversible flow of cholesteryl ester between high-density lipoproteins and triacylglycerol-rich particles is modulated by the fatty acid composition and concentration of triacylglycerols

We determined the influence of fasting (FAST) and feeding (FED) on cholesteryl ester (CE) flow between high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and plasma apoB-lipoprotein and triacylglycerol (TG)-rich emulsions (EM) prepared with TG-fatty acids (FAs). TG-FAs of varying chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation were tested in the presence of a plasma fraction at d > 1.21 g/mL as the source of CE transfer protein. The transfer of CE from HDL to FED was greater than to FAST TG-rich acceptor lipoproteins, 18% and 14%, respectively. However, percent CE transfer from HDL to apoB-containing lipoproteins was similar for FED and FAST HDL. The CE transfer from HDL to EM depended on the EM TG-FA chain length. Furthermore, the chain length of the monounsaturated TG-containing EM showed a significant positive correlation of the CE transfer from HDL to EM (r = 0.81, P < 0.0001) and a negative correlation from EM to HDL (r = -041, P = 0.0088). Regarding the degree of EM TG-FAs unsaturation, among EMs containing C18, the CE transfer was lower from HDL to C18:2 compared to C18:1 and C18:3, 17.7%, 20.7%, and 20%, respectively. However, the CE transfer from EMs to HDL was higher to C18:2 than to C18:1 and C18:3, 83.7%, 51.2%, and 46.3%, respectively. Thus, the EM FA composition was found to be the rate-limiting factor regulating the transfer of CE from HDL. Consequently, the net transfer of CE between HDL and TG-rich particles depends on the specific arrangement of the TG acyl chains in the lipoprotein particle core431211351142FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP95/7662-

A model-based framework assisting the design of vapor-liquid equilibrium experimental plans

In this paper we propose a framework for Model-based Sequential Optimal Design of Experiments to assist experimenters involved in Vapor-Liquid equilibrium characterization studies to systematically construct thermodynamically consistent models. The approach uses an initial continuous optimal design obtained via semidefinite programming, and then iterates between two stages (i) model fitting using the information available; and (ii) identification of the next experiment, so that the information content in data is maximized. The procedure stops when the number of experiments reaches the maximum for the experimental program or the dissimilarity between the parameter estimates during two consecutive iterations is below a given threshold. This methodology is exemplified with the D-optimal design of isobaric experiments, for characterizing binary mixtures using the NRTL and UNIQUAC thermodynamic models for liquid phase. Significant reductions of the confidence regions for the parameters are achieved compared with experimental plans where the observations are uniformly distributed over the domain

External Scientific Report - Updated food composition database for nutrient intake

This report is the final report of the EFSA contract CFT/EFSA/DCM/2011/03. The aim of the project was to provide EFSA with an updated food composition database covering approximately 1750 foods in combination with additional FoodEx2 facet descriptors included in the EFSA FoodEx2 classification system, and to expand the dataset to include harmonised information on the most common composite recipes of European countries and harmonised information on food supplements. Proposals for models of nutrient composition, composite dishes and food supplement databases were developed as well as guidelines for mapping food data in national datasets to EFSA FoodEx2 codes and facet descriptors. A model for data transfer, compatible with the EuroFIR technical annex and CEN Food Data Standard, and the EFSA data structure was developed and tested. Fourteen national food database compiler organisations supplied initial food lists mapped to the EFSA food list. Information on commonly consumed composite dishes was provided by compilers from thirteen countries and information on food supplements was provided by compilers from eight countries. Datasets compatible with EFSA‟s data structure were produced based on the models. In addition, guidelines developed and limitations of the data produced are discussed.EFS

Field Evaluation Of Safety During Gestation And Horizontal Spread Of A Recombinant Differential Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) Vaccine

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is recognized as a major cause of respiratory, reproductive disease and abortion in cattle. Vaccination is widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections; however, vaccination of dams during pregnancy with modified live virus (MLV) vaccines has been occasionally associated to abortions. We have previously reported the development of a BoHV-1 recombinant virus, constructed with basis on a Brazilian BoHV-1 (Franco et al. 2002a) from which the gene coding for glycoprotein E (gE) was deleted (gE-) by genetic manipulation. Such recombinant has been previously evaluated in its potential as a differential vaccine (gE-vaccine) that allows differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. Here, in the first part of the present study, the safety of the gE-vaccine during pregnancy was evaluated by the intramuscular inoculation of 107.4 tissue culture 50% infective doses (TCID50) of the virus into 22 pregnant dams (14 BoHV-1 seronegative; 8 seropositive), at different stages of gestation. Other 15 pregnant dams were kept as non-vaccinated controls. No abortions, stillbirths or fetal abnormalities were seen after vaccination. Seroconversion was observed in both groups of previously seronegative vaccinated animals. In the second part of the study, the potential of the gE-vaccine virus to spread among beef cattle under field conditions was examined. Four heifers were inoculated intranasally with a larger amount (107.6TCID50) of the gE-vaccine (to increase chances of transmission) and mixed with other sixteen animals at the same age and body condition, in the same grazing area, at a population density equal to the average cattle farming density within the region (one cattle head per 10,000 m2), for 180 days. All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 180 post-vaccination. Seroconversion was observed only in vaccinated heifers. These results indicate that, under the conditions of the present study, the gE-vaccine virus did not cause any noticeable harmful effect on pregnant dams and on its offspring and did not spread horizontally among cattle.2515458Belknap, E.B., Walters, L.M., Kelling, C., Ayers, V.K., Norris, J., McMillend, J., Hayhowe, C., Collins, J.K., Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a gE, gG and US2 gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) vaccine (1999) Vaccine, 17, pp. 2297-2305Bouma, A., De Jong, M.C.M., Kimman, T.G., Transmission of pseudorabies virus within pig populations is independent of the size of the population (1995) Prev. Vet. Med., 23, pp. 163-172Casal, J., Planasdemunt, L., Varo, J.A., Martín, M., The use of different vaccination schedules for sows to protect piglets against Aujeszky's disease (2004) Vet. Med. B, 51, pp. 8-11D'Arce, R.C.F., Almeida, R.S., Silva, T.C., Franco, A.C., Spilki, F., Roehe, P.M., Arns, C.W., Restriction endonuclease and monoclonal antibody characterization of Brazilian isolates of bovine herpesviruses types 1 and 5 (2002) Vet. Microbiol., 88, pp. 315-324Ellis, J.A., Hassard, L.E., Cortese, V.S., Morley, P.S., Effects of perinatal vaccination on humoral and cellular immune responses in dams and young calves (1996) J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 208, pp. 393-400Flores, E.F., Donis, R.O., Isolation of a mutant MDBK cell line resistant to bovine viral diarrhea virus infection due to a block in viral entry (1995) Virology, 208, pp. 565-575Flores, E.F., Osorio, F.A., Zanella, E.L., Kit, S., Kit, M., Efficacy of a deletion mutant bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) vaccine that allows serologic differentiation of vaccinated from naturally infected animals (1993) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 5, pp. 534-540Franco, A.C., Rijsewijk, F.A.M., Flores, E.F., Weiblen, R., Roehe, P.M., Construction and characterization of a glycoprotein E deletion of bovine herpesvirus type 1.2 strain isolated in Brazil (2002) Braz. J. Microbiol., 33, pp. 274-278Franco, A.C., Spilki, F.R., Esteves, P.A., Lima, M., Weiblen, R., Flores, E.F., Rijsewijk, F.A.M., Roehe, P.M., A Brazilian glycoprotein E-negative bovine herpesvirus type 1.2a (BHV-1.2a) mutant is attenuated for cattle and induces protection against wild-type virus challenge (2002) Pesq. Vet. Bras., 22, pp. 135-140Hage, J.J., Schukken, Y.H., Barkema, H.W., Benedictus, G., Rijsewijk, F.A.M., Wentink, G.H., Population dynamics of bovine herpesvirus infection a dairy herd (1996) Vet. Microbiol., 53, pp. 169-180Guy, J.S., Potgieter, L.N., Bovine herpesvirus-1 infection of cattle: Kinetics of antibody formation after intranasal exposure and abortion induced by the virus (1985) Am. J. Vet. Res., 46, pp. 893-898Kaashoek, M., (1995) Marker Vaccines Against Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Infections, 155p. , Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University, NetherlandsKleiboeker, S.B., Lee, S.M., Jones, C.A., Estes, D.M., Evaluation of shedding of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 after vaccination of calves with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine (2003) J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc., 222, pp. 1399-1403Lomba, F., Vascoboinic, E., Zygraich, N., Immunization of pregnant dams with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the IBR Virus (1976) 6th Int. Congr. Diseases of Cattle, pp. 395-399. , ParisMars, M.H., De Jong, M.C.M., Van Oirschot, J.T., A gE-negative BHV-1 vaccine virus strain cannot perpetuate in cattle populations (2000) Vaccine, 18, pp. 2120-2124McFelly, R.A., Merrit, A.M., Stearly, E.L., Abortion in a dairy herd vaccinated for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (1964) Vet. Path., 1, pp. 7-17Miller, J.M., Whetstone, C.A., Van Der Maaten, M.J., Abortfacient property of bovine herpesvirus type 1 isolates that represent three subtypes determined by restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA (1991) Am. J. Vet. Res., 52, pp. 458-461Miller, J.M., Whetstone, C.A., Bello, L.J., Lawrence, W.C., Whitbeck, J.C., Abortions in heifers inoculated with a thymidine kinase-negative recombinant of bovine herpesvirus 1 (1995) Am. J. Vet. Res., 56, pp. 870-874Mitchell, D., An outbreak of abortion in a dairy herd following inoculation with an intramuscular infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (1964) Can. Vet. J., 26, pp. 8-14Odde, K.G., Survival of the neonatal calf. Factors influencing colostral and calf serum immunoglobulin levels (1988) Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 4, pp. 501-508Pastoret, P.P., Babiuk, L.A., Misra, V., Griebel, P., Reactivation of temperature sensitive and non-temperature-sensitive infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine virus with dexamethasone (1980) Infect. Immun., 29, pp. 483-488Roehe, P.M., (1991) Studies on the Comparative Virology of Pestiviruses, 361p. , Ph.D. thesis. University of Surrey, Guildford, UKSiebert, S., Auer, S., Heinem, E., Kretzdom, D., Strube, W., Marker vaccines - Opportunities for IBR control. Part I: BHV-1 infections - The problem (1995) Tierärztl. Umschau, 50, pp. 530-533Siebert, S., Auer, S., Heinem, E., Kretzdom, D., Strube, W., Marker vaccines - Opportunities for IBR control. Part II: Safety and efficacy of the gE-deleted Bayovac IBR marker vaccines (1995) Tierärztl. Umschau, 50, pp. 582-584Strube, W., Abar, B., Bergle, R.D., Safety aspects in the development of an infectious bovine rhinotracheitis marker vaccine. Non-target effects of live vaccines (1995) Dev. Biol. Stand., 84, pp. 75-81Turin, L., Russo, S., Poli, G., BHV-1: New molecular approaches to control a common and widespread infection (1999) Mol. Med., 5, pp. 261-284Van Drunen Littel-van Den Hurk, S., Parker, M.D., Massie, B., Van Den Hurk, J.V., Harland, R., Babiuk, L.A., Zamb, T.J., Protection of cattle from BHV-1 infection by immunization with recombinant glycoprotein gIV (1993) Vaccine, 11, pp. 25-35Van Engelenburg, F.A.C., Kaashoek, M.J., Van Oirschot, J.T., Rijsewijk, F.A.M., A glycoprotein E deletion mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 infects the same limited number of tissues in calves as wild-type virus, but for a shorter period (1995) J. Gen. Virol., 76, pp. 2387-2392Wentink, G.H., Van Oirschot, J.T., Verhoeff, J., Risk of infection with bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1): A review (1993) Vet. Quarterly, 15, pp. 30-33Whetstone, C.A., Wheeler, J.G., Reed, D.E., Investigation of possible vaccine-induced epizootics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, using restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA (1986) Am. J. Vet. Res., 47, pp. 1789-1795Zuckermann, F.A., Husmann, R.J., Schwartz, R., Brandt, J., Mateu De Antonio, E., Martin, S., Interleukin-12 enhances the virus-specific interferon gamma response of pigs to an inactivated pseudorabies virus vaccine (1998) Vet. Immunol. Immunopath., 63, pp. 57-6