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A direct numerical simulation method for complex modulus of particle dispersions
We report an extension of the smoothed profile method (SPM)[Y. Nakayama, K.
Kim, and R. Yamamoto, Eur. Phys. J. E {\bf 26}, 361(2008)], a direct numerical
simulation method for calculating the complex modulus of the dispersion of
particles, in which we introduce a temporally oscillatory external force into
the system. The validity of the method was examined by evaluating the storage
and loss moduli of a system composed of identical
spherical particles dispersed in an incompressible Newtonian host fluid at
volume fractions of , 0.41, and 0.51. The moduli were evaluated at
several frequencies of shear flow; the shear flow used here has a zigzag
profile, as is consistent with the usual periodic boundary conditions