Effects of sleep deprivation on neural functioning: an integrative review

Sleep deprivation has a broad variety of effects on human performance and neural functioning that manifest themselves at different levels of description. On a macroscopic level, sleep deprivation mainly affects executive functions, especially in novel tasks. Macroscopic and mesoscopic effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity include reduced cortical responsiveness to incoming stimuli, reflecting reduced attention. On a microscopic level, sleep deprivation is associated with increased levels of adenosine, a neuromodulator that has a general inhibitory effect on neural activity. The inhibition of cholinergic nuclei appears particularly relevant, as the associated decrease in cortical acetylcholine seems to cause effects of sleep deprivation on macroscopic brain activity. In general, however, the relationships between the neural effects of sleep deprivation across observation scales are poorly understood and uncovering these relationships should be a primary target in future research

Evaluación económica y toma de decisiones en salud ambiental Avaliação econômica e tomada de decisão em saúde ambiental Economic evaluation and decision-making in environmental health

Ante el creciente deterioro ambiental y sus posibles consecuencias en la salud de la población resulta una prioridad indiscutible el diseño e instrumentación de políticas que controlen las actividades económicas bajo el criterio de protección a la salud humana y al ambiente mismo. Es preciso que dichas políticas consideren la factibilidad económica de las alternativas de protección existentes. Sin embargo, por la cantidad de intereses dentro del área ambiental, otros factores como el social y el político deben también ser considerados. La evaluación económica ha sido vista como un promisorio fundamento para la toma de decisiones en esta materia. Los autores analizan la capacidad de esta herramienta para organizar en forma sistemática y comparable los costos y los beneficios de alternativas para la solución de problemas ambientales. Se resumen las principales características de los estudios de costo-beneficio y costo-efectividad, las formas de evaluación económica del ambiente, y las particularidades de esta área para la aplicación de dichas técnicas de análisis. Se señalan los límites encontrados en estas herramientas para cuantificar los costos no monetarios de los riesgos ambientales y de los consecuentes daños a la salud, tales como el dolor, el sufrimiento ó la incapacidad de personas económicamente inactivas, constituyendo estos aspectos el reto metodológico de la evaluación económica en el área. Se reflexiona sobre la importancia de ampliar los insumos informativos para la toma de decisiones en materia de salud ambiental en aspectos como la distribución de los costos y los beneficios entre los distintos grupos sociales. Por último se señala tanto la creciente politización del tema ambiental, como la posibilidad técnica de manipulación de estas herramientas de análisis. Partiendo de estos elementos se señala la necesidad, por parte de los evaluadores, de ser conscientes sobre las implicaciones políticas de sus estudios, así como de la importancia de su vinculación con los tomadores de decisión con el objetivo de lograr pertinencia en el ejercicio académico.<br>Devido à crescente deterioração ambiental e as suas possíveis conseqüências para a saúde da polulação,torna-se necessário priorizar o desenho e instrumentação de políticas que controlem as atividades econômicas, considerando a proteção à saúde humana e ao próprio ambiente. É preciso que essas políticas considerem a factibilidade econômica das alternativas de proteção existentes. Não obstante, pela quantidade de interesses na área ambiental, outros fatores como o social e o político também devem ser considerados. A avaliação econômica tem sido vista como fundamental para a tomada de decisões nessa matéria. Foi analisada a capacidade desta ferramenta para organizar de forma sistemática e comparável os custos e os benefícios de alternativas para a solução dos problemas ambientais.Foram sintetizadas as principais características dos estudos de custo-benefício e custo-efetividade,as formas de avaliação econômica do ambiente e as particularidades desta área para a aplicação dessas técnicas de análise. Foram analisados os limites encontrados nessas ferramentas para calcular os custos não monetários dos riscos ambientais e dos danos conseqüentes à saúde, como a dor, o sofrimento ou a incapacidade de pessoas economicamente inativas, sendo que estes aspectos constituem o desafio metodológico da avaliação econômica na área. Analisa-se a importância de ampliar a informação para a tomada de decisões a respeito da saúde ambiental em aspectos como a distribuição dos custos e os benefícios entre os diferentes grupos sociais.Por último,assinala-se tanto a crescente politização do tema ambiental,como a possibilidade técnica de manipulação dessas ferramentas de analise.Partindo desses elementos, destaca-se a necessidade, por parte dos avaliadores, de tomar a consciência das implicações políticas dos seus estudos,assim como da importância da sua relação com as pessoas que tomam decisões para alcançar pertinência no exercício acadêmico.<br>Due to the increasing deterioration of the enviroment and its possible consequences for the health of the population the design and implementation of policies for the control of economic activities according to criteria for the protection of human health and the environment itself have become an unquestionable need. Such policies would incluede the economic feasibility of existing alternatives for protection. Due to the huge interests involved, however, other factors, both social and political should also be taken into consideration. Economic evaluation has been seen as a promising foundation for the decision making process in this subject. This tool's capacity systematically to organize and compare the costs and the benefits of the alternatives for the solution of enviromental problems is analysed.The main characteristics of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness studies are summarized, as well as the possible forms of economic evalution, of the enviroment and the detailsof this field for the application of such techiniques of analysis. The limits of these tools for the quantifycation of the non-monetary costs of environmental risks and the consequent damage to health, whethea as pain,suffering or the disability of non-economic ally active persons are set out as these constitute the methodological challenge of the economic evaluation in the area. The importance of the enhancement of information input for the decision-making process relating to environmental health issues such as the distributions of costs and benefits among the different social groups is scrutinized. Lastly, the growuing political concern with environment issues is stated, as well as the techinical possibility of the manipulation of these analytical tools. On the basis of these elements,the need for evaluators to be conscious on the political implications of their studies, as well as the importance of their relationship with the decision-makers in view of the need for effective relevance to current environmental issue

Design and recruitment of the randomized order safety trial evaluating resident-physician schedules (ROSTERS) study

Introduction: While the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education limited first year resident-physicians to 16 consecutive work hours from 2011 to 2017, resident-physicians in their second year or higher were permitted to work up to 28 h consecutively. This paper describes the Randomized Order Safety Trial Evaluating Resident-physician Schedules (ROSTERS) study, a clustered-randomized crossover clinical trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of eliminating traditional shifts of 24 h or longer for second year or higher resident-physicians in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Methods: ROSTERS was a multi-center non-blinded trial in 6 PICUs at US academic medical centers. The primary aim was to compare patient safety between the extended duration work roster (EDWR), which included shifts �24 h, and a rapidly cycling work roster (RCWR), where shifts were limited to a maximum of 16 h. Information on potential medical errors was gathered and used for classification by centrally trained physician reviewers who were blinded to the study arm. Secondary aims were to assess the relationship of the study arm to resident-physician sleep duration, work hours and neurobehavioral performance. Results: The study involved 6577 patients with a total of 38,821 patient days (n = 18,749 EDWR, n = 20,072 RCWR). There were 413 resident-physician rotations included in the study (n = 203 EDWR, n = 210 RCWR). Resident-physician questionnaire data were over 95% complete. Conclusions: Results from data collected in the ROSTERS study will be evaluated for the impact of resident-physician schedule roster on patient safety outcomes in PICUs, and will allow for examination of a number of secondary outcome measures. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02134847 © 2019 Elsevier Inc