Comparing the kinetics of ionized and neutral atoms from single and multi-element laser-produced plasmas

Kinetics of ion and neutral atom emission features were compared for nanosecond laser-produced plasmas generated from several metal targets (i.e., Al, Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta) and an alloy containing all of these as principal alloying elements. Plasmas were produced by focusing 6 ns, 1064 nm pulses from an Nd:YAG laser on the targets of interest in a vacuum. A Faraday cup was used for collecting ion temporal features while spatially and temporally resolved emission spectroscopy was used for measuring the optical time of flight of various neutral atomic transitions. Our results highlight that most probable ion and atom velocities decay with increasing atomic mass. Trends for ions from the alloy target represent a weighted average where all ions contribute. For both ions and atoms, velocities decrease with increasing heat of vaporization and melting temperature, consistent with the thermal mechanisms that contribute to nanosecond laser ablation. Kinetic energies for neutral atoms from pure metal targets have some variability with atomic mass, whereas kinetic energies for atoms from the alloy target are more similar. These more similar kinetic energies observed for neutral atoms in the multi-element plasma may be attributed to collisions between species from all elements in the Knudsen layer. © 2023 Author(s).12 month embargo; first published 22 May 2023This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

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Not AvailableThe study was conducted in Haidergarh block District Barabanki, to identify the training needs of the mushroom cultivators. Seven Villages were selected randomly under Haidergarh block and finally 90 households were selected based on proportionate random sampling produced. A list of 10 major areas of training needs in relation to improved package of practices of mushroom cultivation was prepared. The training areas were ranked based o Training Importance. Sores were measured on three point continuum as Most Essential, Essential and Not Essential by giving scores of 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The primary data were collected using a pre-tested structured interview schedule by conducting personal interview. Findings revealed that majority of the farmers had medium level of training needs. Mushroom cultivation, subject matter relating to loan and intercultural operation were the top most training needs of the farmers and the least training need was identified in the subject related to nursery raising. The variable age and cultivation experience had negative and significant relationship with the training needs. The present study suggested that young having less exposure in requisite training related to improved package of practices of paddy and wheat cultivation may be given preference for imparting training in the prioritized areas of training as identified.Not Availabl

Bioconversion of low quality lignocellulosic agricultural waste into edible protein by Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer

Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer was cultivated on selected agro wastes viz. cotton stalks, groundnut haulms, soybean straw, pigeon pea stalks and leaves and wheat straw, alone or in combinations. Cotton stalks, pigeon pea stalks and wheat straw alone or in combination were found to be more suitable than groundnut haulms and soybean straw for the cultivation. Organic supplements such as groundnut oilseed cake, gram powder and rice bran not only affected growth parameters but also increased yields. Thus bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass by P. sajor-caju offers a promising way to convert low quality biomass into an improved human food