35 research outputs found
Chapter 8. Lifecycle and sustainability
International audienceThe concept of sustainability was developed in order to improve the present human living standards while maintaining the availability of the natural resources for future generations. According to this definition, technological development is a way to improve the sustainability, because it enables to meet human needs by transforming natural resources into useful products. By 2050, the urban world population is expected to approximately double to an estimated 6.4 billion2 and we are aware that the Earth’s natural resources are already limited. In this context, less impacting and more efficient industrial processes’ design represents a real challenge for engineers. From now on, the impacts of new technologies have to be assessed in detail, all along their life cycle, even before their massive industrial deployment.We should be sure that the generated impacts are actually counterbalanced by the improvement of the living standards on Earth. In this chapter, we will consider new technologies related to the development and treatment of lithium batteries. In the first part, we will demonstrate how existing studiesare already taking into account environmental impacts assessment and we will particularly emphasize the main assumptions realized using life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches. In the second part, we will focus on the end-of-life (EOL) of lithium batteries to demonstrate that the entire value chain has to be considered while arbitrating on the acceptability or not of a design decision from an environmental perspective.Les batteries de type lithium connaissent et vont connaitre un essor considérable compte tenu d'une part de leurs bonnes performances et d'autre part d'une demande sans cesse croissante d'énergie notamment pour les applications transports. Cet accroissement entraîne une consommation accrue de matières premières et exige, dès aujourd'hui, de penser « cycle de vie » et « développement durable » afin de préserver et de pérenniser les ressources naturelles. Ce chapitre décrit dans un premier temps la méthodologie de l'« analyse du cycle de vie » appliquée aux batteries au lithium à partir de l'analyse de travaux publiés dans la littérature. En particulier les points clefs de ces études sont soulignés et des améliorations indispensables dans l'application de la méthode sont proposées. Dans un deuxième temps, le chapitre décrit un rapide état de l'art du recyclage et pointe la nécessité d'intégrer et de modéliser tout le cycle de vie des batteries depuis l'extraction des ressource primaires jusqu'à la fin de vie
Photocatalytic hydrogen production for PEMFC supply: A new issue
AIR:EAU+EPUPhotocatalysis was used to produce hydrogen via alcohol dehydrogenation with a Pt/TiO2 catalyst. An experiment of coupling was realized between a photocatalytic hydrogen production reactor and an air-breathing PEM fuel cell. The photocatalytic hydrogen consumption rate achieved an optimum value for a loading of 1 wt% of platinum. Three different alcohols were compared. Their hydrogen production efficiency and the maximum current for the PEM fuel cell were compared and were ranged as: methanol >= ethanol > 2-propanol. The photocatalytic production was successfully used to feed the PEM fuel cell and reached a current of 0.202 A corresponding to a current density of 8.1 mA cm(-2). No poisoning effect occurred for 100 h of working. Copyright (C) 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
From solar photocatalysis to fuel-cell: A hydrogen supply chain
SSCI-VIDE+ECI2D+EPUInternational audienceSolar conversio
Photocatalysis and PEMFC: From hydrogen production to its conversion into electricity
Internationa
Solar photocatalysis to fuel cell for energy production
International @ ECI2D+EPUInternational audienceNon
PEMFC directly fed with hydrogen produced from photocatalytic alcohol dehydrogenation
International audienc
PEMFC directly fed with hydrogen produced from photocatalytic alcohol dehydrogenation
International audienc
Removal of copper, zinc and nickel present in natural water containing Ca2+ and ions by electrocoagulation
International audienc
Evaluation of acoustic emission as a suitable tool for aging characterization of LiAl/LiMnO2 cell
International audienc
PEMFC Performances Using Photocatalytic Hydrogen with a Dead-Ended Anode
AIR:EAU+EPUHydrogen was produced via photocatalytic dehydrogenation or reforming of different alcohols using Pt/TiO2 as catalyst. The hydrogen produced was not pure and contained some alcohol and by-products such as aldehydes and CO2. The photocatalytic hydrogen production system was coupled with an air-breathing PEM fuel cell. Different experimental parameters and conditions were compared such as photocatalyst concentration. Photocatalytic hydrogen resulted in very similar PEMFC performances as those obtained with pure hydrogen. The PEM fuel cell reached a current density of 52mAcm-2 at 220mV cell voltage using hydrogen produced with the photocatalytic set up. No irreversible poisoning effect was observed due to photocatalytic by-products. However, purging of the anodic compartment of the PEMFC was necessary to maintain good performances because of the accumulation of photocatalyst by-products in dead-end mode