Who fears and who welcomes population decline?

European countries are experiencing population decline and the tacit assumption in most analyses is that the decline may have detrimental welfare effects. In this paper we use a survey among the population in the Netherlands to discover whether population decline is always met with fear. A number of results stand out: population size preferences differ by geographic proximity: at a global level the majority of respondents favors a (global) population decline, but closer to home one supports a stationary population. Population decline is clearly not always met with fear: 31 percent would like the population to decline at the national level and they generally perceive decline to be accompanied by immaterial welfare gains (improvement environment) as well as material welfare losses (tax increases, economic stagnation). In addition to these driving forces it appears that the attitude towards immigrants is a very strong determinant at all geographical levels: immigrants seem to be a stronger fear factor than population decline.decline, externalities, immigration, population, population policy, preferences

How do employers cope with an ageing workforce?

How age-conscious are human resource policies? Using a survey of Dutch employers, we examine how employers deal with the prospect of an ageing work force. We supplement our analysis with an additional survey of Dutch employees to compare human resource policies to practices. Results show that a small minority of employers are taking measures to enhance productivity (training programmes) or bring productivity in line with pay (demotion). Personnel policies tend to ‘spare’ older workers: giving them extra leave, early retirement, or generous employment protection: older workers who perform poorly are allowed to stay, whereas younger workers under similar conditions are dismissed.age/aging, employers, productivity, stereotypes

economic research of the Erasmus Universiteit

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When is fertility too low or too high? Population policy preferences of demographers around the world

When does fertility in a country become so low or so high that a government needs to intervene? This paper sheds light on this population policy question, based on a worldwide survey among demographers. We examine how professionals' policy preferences regarding fertility levels are affected by their views on the impacts of population growth/decline and by fertility in their country of residence. The median respondent suggests intervention once fertility goes below 1.4 children or above 3.0. Three results stand out: first, demographers who are concerned about the carrying capacity of the earth are more willing to intervene than those who are less concerned. Second, the context of decision-making matters: experts living in high-fertility countries are more set on intervention than those living in low-fertility countries, but their threshold fertility level is also higher. Third, political orientation matters: right-leaning demographers are more set on government intervention than left-leaning demographers

Do stereotypes about older workers change? A panel study on changing attitudes of managers

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to see whether attitudes toward older workers by managers change over time and what might explain development over time. Design/methodology/approach A unique panel study of Dutch managers is used to track the development of their attitudes toward older workers over time (2010-2013) by focusing on a set of qualities of older workers aged 50 and older. A conditional change model is used to explain the variation in changes by focusing on characteristics of the manager (age, education, gender, tenure and contact with older workers) and of the firm (composition staff, type of work and sector, size). Findings Managers have significantly adjusted their views on the so-called "soft skills" of older workers, like reliability and loyalty. Attitudes toward "hard skills" - like physical stamina, new tech skills and willingness to train - have not changed. Important drivers behind these changes are the age of the manager - the older the manager, the more likely a positive change in attitude toward older workers can be observed - and the change in the quality of contact with older workers. A deterioration of the managers' relationship with older workers tends to correspond with a decline in their assessment of soft and hard skills. Originality/value This paper offers novel insights into the question whether stereotypes of managers change over time

Population and Climate Change:Consensus and Dissensus among Demographers

What role does population play in thinking about the problem of climate change and some of its solutions? In a survey conducted between February and April 2020, we asked European demographers to state their views on the relationship between climate change and population developments, and asked them to rate their concern about climate change and other socio-demographic issues. We found that climate change is at the top of the list of demographers' concerns, but that their sense of urgency with respect to taking action to redress global warming is not matched by their belief that population policy can make a crucial difference in reducing CO2 emissions: demographers are highly divided on the question whether the global population size should be reduced to lower CO2 emissions, as well as on the question whether family planning is an effective policy instrument

Bulk Viscosity in Neutron Stars from Hyperons

The contribution from hyperons to the bulk viscosity of neutron star matter is calculated. Compared to previous works we use for the weak interaction the one-pion exchange model rather than a current-current interaction, and include the neutral current $nn \leftrightarrow n\Lambda$ process. Also the sensitivity to details of the equation of state is examined. Compared to previous works we find that the contribution from hyperons to the bulk viscosity is about two orders of magnitude smaller.Comment: 18 pages, to appear in Physical Review

Separable form of low-momentum realistic NN interaction

The low-momentum interaction $V_{\text{low-k}}$ derived from realistic models of the nucleon-nucleon interaction is presented in a separable form. This separable force is supported by a contact interaction in order to achieve the saturation properties of symmetric nuclear matter. Bulk properties of nuclear matter and finite nuclei are investigated for the separable form of $V_{\text{low-k}}$ and two different parameterizations of the contact term. The accuracy of the separable force in Hartree-Fock calculations with respect to the original interaction $V_{\text{low-k}}$ is discussed. For a cutoff parameter $\Lambda$ of 2 fm$^{-1}$ a representation by a rank 2 separable force yields a sufficient accuracy, while higher ranks are required for larger cut-off parameters. The resulting separable force is parameterized in a simple way to allow for an easy application in other nuclear structure calculations.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure