BLOOD-FEEDING IN OVERWINTERING <i>CULEX TARSALIS</i> (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) FROM MANITOBA

Diapause development in Culex tarsalis Coquillett has been characterized by reduced blood-feeding to complete termination of ovariole development at or before stage IIa (Bennington et al. 1958; Schaefer and Washino 1970; Schaefer et al. 1971; Bellamy and Corbet 1973; Mitchell 1979). The role that diapausing Culex species have in overwintering arboviruses has been examined (Eldridge 1966, 1968; Eldridge et al. 1972; Reeves 1974; Eldridge and Bailey 1979; Mitchell 1979). Gonotrophic dissociation and its implications for survival of the vector and virus has been reviewed by Washino (1977). Eldridge (1966) indicated gonotrophic dissociation was possible in Culex pipiens L. incubated at low temperature and short daylength and later reported failure of ovarioles of prehibernating C. pipiens to mature following a blood meal (Eldridge and Bailey 1979). Eldridge et al. (1972) reported that Culex restuans Theobald exhibited gonotrophic dissociation in response to conditioning by short daylength and low temperature. Mitchell (1981) has reported blood-feeding and gonotrophic dissociation in a significant portion of diapausing Culex tarsalis from Colorado, when females were kept at 15°C and at short daylength conditions.</jats:p

Reasoning through madness: the detective in Gothic crime fiction

© The Author(s) 2017. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/The Gothic era dealt in fear and the unknown, with early nineteenth century Gothic fiction being characterized by the macabre and influenced by the Enlightenment. The scientific and industrial revolutions of the eighteenth century brought forth advanced scientific theories and modes of reasoning, which found their way into the narratives of Gothic works. The public’s fascination with horror and the morbid extended from the Gothic era into the Victorian Gothic era, and tales of mystery and crime became intertwined with death and the monstrous. Literature of the Victorian Gothic era continued to explore the fears and anxieties of society, and was supplemented by knowledge obtained through developments in science, criminology and the criminal justice system. Elements of Gothic horror, scientific reasoning and crime are presented throughout various works of Edgar Allan Poe and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Such works include Poe’s stories of ratiocination in both his tales of horror and mystery; Poe’s stories featuring the detective C. Auguste Dupin; Doyle’s tales of mystery and the supernatural; and a selection of Doyle’s adventures of Sherlock Holmes. In these works by Poe and Doyle, the investigative prowess of the narrator, along with the methods of observation and interpretation, are utilized to explain the macabre and unknown. This essay introduces the reader to specific techniques of reasoning and the utilization of scientific methodology, specifically observation, to look beyond madness and mystery to arrive at logical conclusions for observed phenomena. The purpose of this essay is three-fold: first, to correlate the works of Poe and Doyle to the prevailing discourse of the nineteenth century, considering advances in epistemology, criminology and criminal investigations; second, to draw attention to the role of ratiocination and various forms of reasoning in solving crimes and the resolution of the fear of death and monster through the works of Poe and Doyle; third, to evaluate Poe and Doyle’s ideas regarding the police, crime solving and the intersection of science and crime as expressed through their stories. DOI: 10.1057/palcomms.2017.45 OPEN 1 Farmingdal