Does a SLAP lesion affect shoulder muscle recruitment as measured by EMG activity during a rugby tackle?

Background: The study objective was to assess the influence of a SLAP lesion on onset of EMG activity in shoulder muscles during a front on rugby football tackle within professional rugby players. Methods: Mixed cross-sectional study evaluating between and within group differences in EMG onset times. Testing was carried out within the physiotherapy department of a university sports medicine clinic. The test group consisted of 7 players with clinically diagnosed SLAP lesions, later verified on arthroscopy. The reference group consisted of 15 uninjured and full time professional rugby players from within the same playing squad. Controlled tackles were performed against a tackle dummy. Onset of EMG activity was assessed from surface EMG of Pectorialis Major, Biceps Brachii, Latissimus Dorsi, Serratus Anterior and Infraspinatus muscles relative to time of impact. Analysis of differences in activation timing between muscles and limbs (injured versus non-injured side and non injured side versus matched reference group). Results: Serratus Anterior was activated prior to all other muscles in all (P = 0.001-0.03) subjects. In the SLAP injured shoulder Biceps was activated later than in the non-injured side. Onset times of all muscles of the noninjured shoulder in the injured player were consistently earlier compared with the reference group. Whereas, within the injured shoulder, all muscle activation timings were later than in the reference group. Conclusions: This study shows that in shoulders with a SLAP lesion there is a trend towards delay in activation time of Biceps and other muscles with the exception of an associated earlier onset of activation of Serratus anterior, possibly due to a coping strategy to protect glenohumeral stability and thoraco-scapular stability. This trend was not statistically significant in all cases

Improved membranes for the extraction of heavy metals

This work presents a series of experimental tests on new practical approaches in membrane design to improve extraction capacity and rate. We chose an extraction system involving Aliquat 336 as the extractant and Cd(II) as the metal ion to be extracted to demonstrate these new approaches. The core element in the new membrane assembly was the extractant loaded sintered glass filter. This membrane assembly provided a large interface area between the extractant and the aqueous solution containing metal ions. By recycling the aqueous solution through the membrane assembly, the extraction rate was significantly improved. The membrane assembly also offered good extraction capacity

Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution for Organic Compounds Dissolved in 1-Alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Ionic Liquids Having Six-, Eight-, and Ten-Carbon Alkyl Chains

International audienceActivity coefficients at infinite dilution (gamma(proportional to)(1,2)) for 40 diverse probe solutes, including various (cyclo)alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, thiophene, ethers, nitroalkanes, and ketones, were measured by inverse gas chromatography at temperatures from 323 to 343 K in three homologous 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids (ILs), bearing hexyl, octyl, and decyl side chains. The retention data were further converted to gas-to-IL and water-to-IL partition coefficients using the corresponding gas-to-water partition coefficients. Both sets of partition coefficients were analyzed using the modified Abraham solvation parameter model, with the derived equations tightly correlating the experimental gas-to-IL and water-to-IL partition coefficient data to within average standard deviations of 0.088 and 0.111 log units, respectively

Influenza di campi magnetici a bassa frequenza (ELF-MFS) sull'accrescimento in vitro di callo di Salvia officinalis "Maxima"

La presente ricerca ha avuto lo scopo di valutare la risposta di una coltura cellulare di Salvia officinalis sottoposta ad un flusso magnetico della densit\ue0 di 50 milliTesla per la durata di 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, o 5 minuti. Il callo \ue8 stato allevato su substrato agarizzato di Murashige e Skoog addizionato con 0,5 mg L-1 2,4-D e 0,5 mg L-1 chinetina. Dopo il trattamento le colture sono state poste in camera di crescita ad una temperatura di 24\u2daC ed in presenza di 16 ore di luce. Il tasso di crescita relativo, parametro indicativo del ritmo di accrescimento della coltura di cellule indifferenziate, \ue8 risultato crescente all\u2019aumentare del periodo di esposizione al campo magnetico, raggiungendo dopo 4 minuti il valore massimo (0,72). Superando tale durata l\u2019indice di riferimento si \ue8 ridotto. I risultati preliminari ottenuti in questa ricerca lasciano intravedere le notevoli potenzialit\ue0 della metodologia adottata