Seminal Plasma Proteins

The ejaculated semen consists of two major components viz. sperm cells (spermatozoa) and the fluid part obtained after centrifugation called seminal plasma. The spermatozoa originate from the semniferous tubule and are suspended in the seminal plasma. The seminal plasma is composed of secretions contributed by the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, ampullae, prostate and bulbourethral glands. About 60-80 % of the ejaculated semen of the bull originates from these sources. Seminal plasma is a highly complex biological fluid containing proteins, amino acids, enzymes, fructose and other carbohydrates, lipids, major minerals and trace elements. Seminal plasma proteins partly originates from the blood plasma by exudation through the lumen of the male genital tract and partly are synthesized and secreted by various reproductive organs and are known as seminal plasma specific proteins. Several seminal plasma proteins of blood origin viz. prealbumin, albumin, globulin, transferring, α-antitrypsin, β-lipoprotein, β-glycoprotein, orsomucoid, kininogen, Peptide hormones, IgG, IgA and IgM have been identified and characterized. These proteins are involved in regulation of osmotic pressure and pH of seminal plasma, transport of ions, lipid and hormones. A major part of seminal plasma proteins originate from the testis, epididymis, vas deference, prostate, seminal vesicle and bulbourethral glands. The biosynthesis and secretion of these proteins is regulated by testosterone levels in the blood

Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic medical procedure that is used to assess the interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a tube into the body. The instrument may have a rigid or flexible tube and not only provide an image for visual inspection and photography, but also enable taking biopsies and retrieval of foreign objects. Endoscopy is the vehicle for minimally invasive surgery and patients may receive conscious sedation so they do not have to be consciously aware of the discomfort. Many endoscopic procedures are considered to be relatively painless and, at worst, associated with moderate discomfort

Reduced glutathione and cysteine hydrochloride on crossbred bull semen

Over the last few years, good quality freezable semen was not utilized effectively due to less knowledge about the freezability of semen. One reason is the lack of sufficient antioxidants in the seminal plasma and semen extender. The antioxidant content is reduced during the cryopreservation process and causes premature cryo-capacitation and modification of sperm membrane structure upon thawing. So the study of pre-freezing and post thaw seminal parameters like viability, motility, acrosomal integrity, lipid peroxide assay, vanguard distance traveled by sperm, mitochondrial membrane potential, velocity and motility parameters (CASA) and field fertility trial helped to assess the effectiveness of the additives. The conception rate was better in reduced glutathione than the cysteine hydrochloride treated group. The glutathione has improved the poor freezing and maintained the good freezable semen. Thus the field fertility rate was enhanced and in turn helped to prevent waste of good quality germplasm and repeat breeder syndrome in cows

Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer on the germination and growth of seedling of mangrove - Rhizophora mucronata Boir

Seaweeds are among the important marine living resources with tremendous commercial application. The effect of sea weed liquid fertilizer of Padina boergesenii was studied on the growth parameters of Rhizophora mucronata.  The propagules were soaked in different concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%). Within 24 hours soaking, all the soaked propagules were carefully planted in individual polythene bags each containing 2 kg of soil best response was found after 90 days at 1% concentration of seaweed extract in almost all the growth parameters. The maximum growth was recorded at 1% concentration Viz.,shoot length 24.3 cm, leaf breadth 3.45 cm, leaf length 7.1 cm when compared to control (13.7 cm shoot length, leaf breadth 3.0 cm and leaf length 5.35 cm). It was concluded that differential response was noticed in the mangrove plant to the seaweed extract treatment. In spite of these differential responses, Padina boergesenii was found to be an effective seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) in mangrove plant

SEARCHING ANTIVIRAL DRUGS FOR EBOLA VIRUS FROM PHYTO-CONSTITUENTS OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA: APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR MODELING STUDIES

 ABSTRACTThe current objective of the study is to identify some naturally occurring product from Azadirachta indica and evaluate its binding activity against VP24 protein as Ebola virus target through in silico docking studies. Reported phytoconstituents of Azadirachta indica were prepared for docking evaluation using Brincidofovir as the standard. In silico docking studies were carried out using GLIDE (Grid-based Ligand Docking with Energetics) is a ligand binding program provided by Schrödinger. These results showed that all the selected phytoconstituents showed binding energy ranging between -7.95 kcal/mol to -1.54 kcal/mol when compared with that of the standard (-6.06 kcal/mol). Naturally occurring products Catechin, Epicatechin, Gallic acid and Nimbolide are potential than the standard brincidofovir but Azadirachtin, Margolonone, Mahmoodin, Isomargolonone, Gedunin, Margolone, Nimbidin and Nimbin have low binding affinity towards target when compared with the standard. These molecular docking analyses of phytoconstituents of Azadirachta indica could lead to the further development to identify the potent drugs for the treatment of Ebola virus. KEYWORDS: Azadirachta indica, VP42 protein, Ebola virus, in silico docking.  Â

Effect Of Pre-freeze Addition Of Cysteine Hydrochloride And Reduced Glutathione On Post-thaw Sperm Parameters And Field Fertility In Jersey Crossbred Bull Semen

The present study was aimed to assess the effect of pre-freeze addition of cysteine hydrochloride and glutathione (GSH) on post-thaw sperm functional parameters and field fertility. The experimental bulls aged 4 to 6 years were used for the present study. A total of 36 ejaculates, 6 ejaculates from each bull (n=6) were collected and divided in to three groups, group I (control), group II (5mM cysteine hydrochloride) and group III (5mM GSH). The extended semen samples were added with @5mM additives, filled in mini straw using automatic filling and sealing machine (IMV, France) and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Post-freeze seminal traits were also recorded after thawing at 37oC for 30 seconds. Post thaw livability was significantly (p< 0.01) higher in GSH group as compared to cysteine and control groups. The loss of acrosomal integrity was significantly (p< 0.01) lower in GSH group than cysteine and control groups. Analysis of variance for post thaw motility parameters (Forward progressive and Total motility) has revealed that significant difference (p< 0.05) between the good and poor freezer in the group II and there was no difference in the group I and III under study at 0 and 1 hr incubation period and at 2 hrs the group III and at 4 hrs group I has revealed significance difference (p< 0.05).The curvilinear velocity (VCL) and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in GSH than the cysteine and control groups. The Mitochondrial membrane potential (per cent) had no significance difference between the treatment groups. The present study indicates that the addition of cysteine and GSH suggestive of reducing lipid peroxide levels. The conception rate (%) in glutathione (68) added semen was significantly (p>0.05) higher than cysteine (58) and control (49) groups. The post-thaw sperm progressive forward motility (r=0.4) had moderate but, no significant correlation with conception rate. However post-thaw VSL (r=0.7), loss of acrosomal integrity (r=-0.8) and mitochondrial membrane potential (r=0.9) had significant (p< 0.05) correlation with field fertility. The present study indicates that the use of glutathione as semen additives may be recommended for improving semen quality and overall augmentation of pregnancy in cows. The present study suggests that pre-freeze addition of glutathione was found to be better than cysteine in improving sperm fertility

Novel Localization of Sensor Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks using Co-Ordinate Signal Strength Database

AbstractThe objective of the proposed system is to remove the dependency of radio irregularity problem in localization of static nodes in wireless sensor networks. Most of the existing range free localization algorithms are mainly suffered by the radio irregularity problem. The value of the degree of irregularity always affects the accuracy of the localization performance. The idea of this work is to calculate the location of sensor nodes using co-ordinate signal strength database. In wireless sensor networks, each flying anchor node will be equipped with a GPS receiver. The flying node calculates its position, which is transmitted as a beacon message to the sensor nodes. Upon reception of the beacon messages, each static node calculates its location using the ‘Sensor Position based on Co-ordinate Signal Strength Database’ (SP-CSSD) algorithm. The proposed idea increases the accuracy of the localization algorithm with minimal computational overhead and computational time