Significance of abdominal manifestations in dengue fever

Background: Dengue Fever is an Infectious condition caused by flavo virus. It is an epidemic since 4 years and its prevalence is increased in the recent years in India. The increase in India is due to rapid urbanization, population growth, increased international travel and global warming. But dengue fever is now being reported from rural backgrounds due to poor sanitation and stagnant water sources.Methods: This is an institutional cross sectional study in which we took patients presenting with fever and various other complaints related to viral fevers for 9months from 2016 June to March 2017 at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Ongole. In this study we included patients who are NS1 Ag positive and dengue ELISA positive only. We excluded whose NS1 Ag test positive but their dengue IgM ELISA report is negative.Results: In this study we have included 94 patients of all age groups who are diagnosed with dengue fever. Next in the list are nausea/vomiting (43.6%) and diarrhea (40.4%) respectively. We highlighted this in conclusion to consider abdominal manifestations association while evaluating pyrexia patients.Conclusions: As usually fluid management and regular monitoring is the main role in the management of dengue cases than platelet or blood transfusions and antibiotics. We concluded that there is significant association between abdominal manifestations and dengue fever. So abdominal manifestations should be considered while evaluating pyrexia patients to rule out dengue association in those patients and prognosis of dengue fever

Assessment of risk factors in cardiac failure after myocardial infarction

Background: Cardiac failure is a clinical syndrome that may result from any structural or functional cardiac disorders that impairs the pumping ability of the heart. Post infarction cardiac failure is one of the common complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction which is influenced by factors like extent of MI, Life style, associated co-morbid conditions.Methods: The present study comprises of 50 cardiac failure patients with history of MI in the past and who presented with myocardial infarction with cardiac failure were included in this study. This study was conducted at Rajivgandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa, YSR District, Andhra Pradesh. The study was carried out for a period of 2 years. Informed consent was taken from each and every patient included in the study.Results: In our study 42 (84%) are males and 8 (16%) are females. Out of 50 patients 37 (74%) are smokers and 32 (64%) are alcoholics. In our study maximum number of patients i.e. 60% of the patients are sedentary in nature. Among 42 male patients 28 are having WHR >0.9 and 8 female patients WHR >0.8 is quite significant.Conclusions: Post MI cardiac failure is more common in males and sedentary lifestyles. Smoking, alcohol consumption and associated co morbid conditions have linear relationship with incidence of post infarction Cardiac failure. Abdominal obesity has positive effect on incidence of post MI cardiac failure

A Routing Delay Predication Based on Packet Loss and Explicit Delay Acknowledgement for Congestion Control in MANET

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks congestion control and prevention are demanding because of network node mobility and dynamic topology. Congestion occurs primarily due to the large traffic volume in the case of data flow because the rate of inflow of data traffic is higher than the rate of data packets on the node. This alteration in sending rate results in routing delays and low throughput. The Rate control is a significant concern in streaming applications, especially in wireless networks. The TCP friendly rate control method is extensively recognized as a rate control mechanism for wired networks, which is effective in minimizing packet loss (PL) in the event of congestion. In this paper, we propose a routing delay prediction based on PL and Explicit Delay Acknowledgement (EDA) mechanism for data rate and congestion control in MANET to control data rate to minimize the loss of packets and improve the throughput. The experiment is performed over a reactive routing protocol to reduce the packet loss, jitter, and improvisation of throughput

ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES OF AQUEOUS SEED EXTRACT OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA IN ALBINO RATS

Objective: Increased usage of traditional folklore medicines by the public has led to scientific evaluation of safety of the herbs thereby providing the physicians the data required to employ them in the management of ailments. Seeds of Vigna unguiculata are commonly consumed as vegetables and as a culinary dish in most parts of Asian sub-continent. The present study was carried out to screen phytochemical constituents, evaluate acute toxic effects and determine LD50 of aqueous seed extract of Vigna unguiculata.Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out as described by Kokate. Acute oral toxicity study was carried out based on OECD guideline 423 and a limit test at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight was carried out in female wistar rats. The extract was orally administered in animals at a single dose of 2000mg/kg body weight. Signs of toxicity and mortality were noted after 1, 4 and 24h of administration of the extract for 14 days.Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and proteins. No mortality and no significant changes were observed in physical observations, behavioral observations, autonomic effects, sensory responses, reflexes, respiratory effects and somatomotor activity in animals which reveal the safety of the extract at dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight.Conclusion: Conclusively, the results suggest that the aqueous extract is not acutely toxic to the rats and LD50 was found to be higher than 2000 mg/kg

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE LOADED NANOSPONGES FOR ORAL DELIVERY

Objective: In the current investigation,nanosponges were set up by emulsion solvent diffusion technique utilizing ethyl cellulose and β-cyclodextrin as polymers. Methods: Diltiazem hydrochloride is taken as model medication for considering different nanosponge formulations. The similarity of different formulation segments was set up by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Molecular size, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency and drug content of nanosponges were analyzed. Shape and surface morphology of the nanosponges were inspected utilizing scanning electron microscopy. Results: Molecule size of formulated nanosponges was seen in the scope of 186 to 476 nm. Scanning electron microscopy uncovered the permeable, round nature of the nanosponges. The drug content of nanosponges for ethyl cellulose containing formulations was seen as in the scope of 62.25 to 85.11% and for the β-cyclodextrin containing details were seen as in the scope of 65.18-89.67%. The percentage entrapment effectiveness of nanosponges for ethyl cellulose containing formulations were seen as in the scope of 54.18 to 79.49% and for the β-cyclodextrin containing details were seen as in the scope of 58.21-83.45%. In vitro drugreleasefindings demonstrated that at 12 h ethyl cellulose containing formulations discharged the drug in the scope of 57.27-89.09% and for the β-cyclodextrin containing formulations discharged in the scope of 73.94-93.26%. Conclusion: Sustained drugreleasefrom formulations is supported if there is an occurrence of ethyl cellulose in the formulations rather with plans containing β-cyclodextrin

Development of Fertilizer Prescription Targeted Yield-Equation for Carrot Crop Based on Soil Test Values

A field experiment was conducted on red soils (Kandic paleustalfs) of Zonal Agricultural Research Station, GKVK, Bangalore during kharif 2008-09 to develop a targeted yield equation for carrot crop. After developing three levels of fertility gradient with respect to available NPK in soil, the main experiment was conducted by taking carrot as a test crop. Initial soil data, carrot root yield and NPK uptake by carrot crop were used for obtaining four important basic parameters, viz., nutrients required to produce a quintal of carrot roots (NR%), contribution of nutrients from fertilizers (CF%), contribution of nutrients from soil (CS%) and contribution of nutrients from organic matter (%C-OM). These parameters were used for developing fertilizer-adjustment targeted yield equation. Comparison of the present soil testing laboratory method with Soil Test Crop Response approach of fertilizer recommendation clearly indicated superiority of STCR targeted yield approach for efficient and economic use of fertilizers to attain the required yield target

INFLUENCE OF CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCE ON GROWTH, DON AND NIV PRODUCTION BY TWO SPECIES OF FUSARIUM ISOLATED FROM FINGER MILLETS

Objective: Influence of different carbon [C] and nitrogen [N] source on the growth and Deoxynivalenol [DON] and Nivalenol [NIV] production by Fusarium aethiopicum and Fusarium culmorum was investigated.Methods: Seven days old monosporic cultures of F. aethiopicum strain GSKUMB [KJ21085] and F. culmorum strain GSKUMB [KJ190159] were grown in CYA broth and incubated at 27±2°C on the rotary shaker at 120 rpm for 21 days. At the end of incubation period, cultures were harvested for determination of fungal growth (biomass). The resultant culture filtrates were extracted twice with ethyl acetate and concentrated. One ml of final concentrate in methanol was employed for detection of DON and NIV with the help of RP-HPLC.Results: The highest amount of DON and NIV were produced by F. aethiopicum in the presence of D-mannose and D-galactose as C source, while the highest amount of biomass was recorded on maltose and succinic acid. F. culmorum produced maximum amount of toxins in the presence of D-glucose, D-mannitol and D-fructose. Sodium nitrate was most favorable nitrogen source as it induced maximum amount of toxins by F. aethiopicum, while L-methionine, L-asparatic acid and L-tryptophan were next preferred N source. In contrast, highest biomass of fungus was obtained with L-lysine, L-glutamine and L-tyrosine. F. culmorum produced maximum amount of toxin and biomass with potassium nitrate and L-tyrosine respectively.Conclusion: Present species of Fusarium differed varied both in toxins (DON, and NIV) and biomass production. Their response of fungi under investigation towards C and N sources is also varied.Â

Preparation of Fluconazole β-Cyclodextrin Complex Ocuserts: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

The main purpose of the present study was to develop ocuserts of Fluconazole β-CD (beta-cyclodextrin) complex and to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo. Fluconazole was made complex with β-CD, and the release rate was controlled by HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose polymers using dibutyl Phthalate as permeability enhancer. Drug-polymer interactions were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies. The formulated ocuserts were tested for physicochemical parameters of in vitro release and in vivo permeation in rabbits. The optimized formulations (F-5 and F-8) were subjected to stability studies. The formulated ocuserts were found to have good physical characters, thickness, diameter, uniformity in weight, folding endurance, less moisture absorption, and controlled release of drug both in vitro and in vivo. The optimized formulations retained their characteristics even after stability studies. The study clearly showed that this technique was an effective way of formulating ocuserts for retaining the drug concentration at the intended site of action for a sufficient period of time and to elicit the desired pharmacological response