Phytochemical constituents of Cadaba Trifoliata Roxb. root extract

Cadaba trifoliata Roxb is belongs to the family Capparaceae, important medicinal plant of Indian medicinal plants. The methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts along with dry powder of root were screened for the presence of phytochemicals. The phytochemical constituents were analyzed by qualitative and GC-MS method. Preliminary studies showed that the presence of Tannins, Steroids, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Flavonoids and Phenolic compounds. In the GC-MS analysis, 17 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the alcoholic extract. The identification of phytochemical compounds in very high peak area, 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (C24H38O4) with RT 24.95 has peak area 51.86% and 1-Methyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (C6H11NO2) with RT 6.89 has peak area 20.58%. The main important compound phytol (C20H40O) with RT 18.95 ranks with peak area 1.21%. A nature compound contains diterpene activity anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant activity and antimicrobial activity.Keywords:- Cadaba trifoliata, phytochemical constituents, alcoholic root extracts

2-(1,2,3,4-Tetra­hydro-9H-carbazol-1-yl­idene)propane­dinitrile

In the title compound, C15H11N3, the cyclo­hexene ring adopts a sofa conformation. An intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(7) ring motif. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯N, C—H⋯N and C—H⋯π inter­actions into a three-dimensional network

2-Amino­pyridinium picrate

In the title compound, C5H7N2 +·C6H2N3O7 −, there are two crystallographically independent cations and anions (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. In both picrate anions, one of the nitro groups lies in the plane of the benzene ring [r.m.s. deviations = 0.014 (2) and 0.014 (2) Å for anions A and B, respectively] and the other two are twisted away by 39.0 (2) and 18.8 (2)° in A, and 18.2 (1) and 2.5 (2)° in B. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network

Molybdenum status and critical limit in the soil for green gram (Vigna radiata) growing in Madurai and Sivagangai districts of Tamil Nadu, India

A survey was undertaken during 2008 to determine molybdenum (Mo) status of soils and to establish critical limits in soils of Madurai and Sivagangai districts of Tamil Nadu. A total of 202 surface soil samples were collected from 16 soil series of the study areas based on their percent coverage. The samples were analyzed for extractable or available Mo. Extractable Mo varied from 0.028 to 0.661 mg kg−1 and 0.035 to 0.961 mg kg−1 at Madurai and Sivagangai districts, respectively. Based on the results of a pot culture experiment, the critical limit of available Mo was determined to be 0.043 mg kg−1 for green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] (Var; CO 6) in both the districts. Based on this critical limit, we classified the soils into three categories: (1) low: 0.082 mg kg−1. Green gram responded highly to Mo application in soils below the critical limit whereas soils with Mo greater than 0.082 mg kg−1 did not respond. Among rates of Mo application, 0.075 mg kg−1 showed better yield than others. Overall, 3–41% and 7–46% of total area in Madurai and Sivagangai districts were in the low to medium Mo status, respectively. The application of 0.075 mg of Mo kg−1 or 0.4 kg ha−1 as sodium molybdate was sufficient to optimize green gram yield in the major soil series of the districts. These results will be useful in decision-making to apply Mo for improving green gram yields in the two districts studied

2-(6-Methyl-2,3,4,9-tetra­hydro-1H-carbazol-1-yl­idene)propane­dinitrile

In the title compound, C16H13N3, the cyclo­hexene ring adopts a sofa conformation. An intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(7) ring motif. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯N inter­actions, forming centrosymmetric dimers with an R 2 2(14) motif

The application of ANFIS prediction models for thermal error compensation on CNC machine tools

Thermal errors can have significant effects on CNC machine tool accuracy. The errors come from thermal deformations of the machine elements caused by heat sources within the machine structure or from ambient temperature change. The effect of temperature can be reduced by error avoidance or numerical compensation. The performance of a thermal error compensation system essentially depends upon the accuracy and robustness of the thermal error model and its input measurements. This paper first reviews different methods of designing thermal error models, before concentrating on employing an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to design two thermal prediction models: ANFIS by dividing the data space into rectangular sub-spaces (ANFIS-Grid model) and ANFIS by using the fuzzy c-means clustering method (ANFIS-FCM model). Grey system theory is used to obtain the influence ranking of all possible temperature sensors on the thermal response of the machine structure. All the influence weightings of the thermal sensors are clustered into groups using the fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering method, the groups then being further reduced by correlation analysis. A study of a small CNC milling machine is used to provide training data for the proposed models and then to provide independent testing data sets. The results of the study show that the ANFIS-FCM model is superior in terms of the accuracy of its predictive ability with the benefit of fewer rules. The residual value of the proposed model is smaller than ±4 μm. This combined methodology can provide improved accuracy and robustness of a thermal error compensation system

6-Bromo-2-[(E)-thio­phen-2-yl­methyl­idene]-2,3,4,9-tetra­hydro-1H-carbazol-1-one

In the title compound, C17H12BrNOS, the cyclo­hexene ring deviates only slightly from planarity (r.m.s. deviation for non-H atoms = 0.047 Å). In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked into centro­symmetric R 2 2(10) dimers via pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The thio­phene ring is disordered over two positions rotated by 180° and with a site-occupation factor of 0.843 (4) for the major occupied site

(1R*,3′S*,4′R*)-4′-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-3′-[(4-hy­droxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro­quinolin-3-yl)carbon­yl]-1′-methyl­spiro­[ace­naphthyl­ene-1,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-one

The title compound, C32H23ClN2O4, has a quinoline, a chloro­phenyl and an acenaphthalene ring system attached to a central pyrrolidine ring, which has three stereogenic centers. Nevertheless, the compound crystallizes as a racemate with two mol­ecules of identical chirality in the asymmetric unit. They differ in the conformation of the five-membered pyrrolidine ring; in one molecule it has an envelope conformation, while in the other molecule it has a twisted conformation. In each molecule there is an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond making an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds produce inversion dimers with R 2 2(8) motifs. There are also C—H⋯O interactions present. The crystal structure contains voids (60 Å3) within which there is no evidence of solvent mol­ecules

Electrochemistry at nanoscale electrodes : individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and SWNT-templated metal nanowires

Individual nanowires (NWs) and native single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be readily used as well-defined nanoscale electrodes (NSEs) for voltammetric analysis. Here, the simple photolithography-free fabrication of submillimeter long Au, Pt, and Pd NWs, with sub-100 nm heights, by templated electrodeposition onto ultralong flow-aligned SWNTs is demonstrated. Both individual Au NWs and SWNTs are employed as NSEs for electron-transfer (ET) kinetic quantification, using cyclic voltammetry (CV), in conjunction with a microcapillary-based electrochemical method. A small capillary with internal diameter in the range 30–70 μm, filled with solution containing a redox-active mediator (FcTMA+ ((trimethylammonium)methylferrocene), Fe(CN)64–, or hydrazine) is positioned above the NSE, so that the solution meniscus completes an electrochemical cell. A 3D finite-element model, faithfully reproducing the experimental geometry, is used to both analyze the experimental CVs and derive the rate of heterogeneous ET, using Butler–Volmer kinetics. For a 70 nm height Au NW, intrinsic rate constants, k0, up to ca. 1 cm s–1 can be resolved. Using the same experimental configuration the electrochemistry of individual SWNTs can also be accessed. For FcTMA+/2+ electrolysis the simulated ET kinetic parameters yield very fast ET kinetics (k0 > 2 ± 1 cm s–1). Some deviation between the experimental voltammetry and the idealized model is noted, suggesting that double-layer effects may influence ET at the nanoscale